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< Back Comment les drones facilitent l’obtention de titres fonciers en RDC Cities Alliance Kasangulu, une petite ville en République Démocratique du Congo, fait face à des défis dus au manque de droits fonciers formalisés et à l'absence de données précises. Le gouvernement de la RDC met en œuvre un projet pilote utilisant des drones pour faciliter la clarification foncière et autonomiser les femmes, visant à moderniser la gouvernance foncière et à promouvoir un développement économique inclusif basé sur des droits fonciers sécurisés. L'initiative a impliqué la cartographie des conflits, des ateliers participatifs, et l'utilisation de drones topographiques et de logiciels de cartographie pour aider l'administration du registre foncier à passer de la documentation papier à la documentation numérique. Le projet a également fourni une formation technique aux jeunes et aux agents fonciers pour l'opération des drones. L'introduction de drones civils a facilité la collecte de données en temps réel et modernisé les outils de gestion. Le projet a également contribué à sécuriser les droits des communautés locales et à augmenter leur résilience, particulièrement pour les ménages dirigés par des femmes. L'initiative a aussi le potentiel pour la durabilité et la résilience environnementale en fournissant des données géographiques précises pour surveiller l'expansion de la ville et protéger les zones vertes. Kasangulu est une petite ville de la République Démocratique du Congo (RDC), située à seulement 35 km au sud-est de Kinshasa, une mégalopole en rapide expansion comptant près de 15 millions d'habitants. L'expansion urbaine de Kinshasa exerce une pression sur le Kasangulu rural, car les riches habitants de Kinshasa cherchent à acquérir des terrains en périphérie de la mégapole. En revanche, la communauté de Kasangulu est principalement composée de pauvres agriculteurs, dont beaucoup de femmes qui sont les principales soutiens de famille pour leurs nombreuses familles. La plupart des habitants de Kasangulu n'ont pas de droits formalisés sur leurs terres. Par tradition coutumière, les familles de Kasangulu ont historiquement reçu des allocations de terres et "possèdent" les mêmes parcelles depuis des générations – mais sans aucun document légal ou officiel prouvant leur propriété. Cette dualité a créé une insécurité puisque ces terres ne sont protégées ni sécurisées par des documents officiels, laissant les résidents vulnérables aux conflits fonciers, y compris les menaces d'accaparement de terres et d'expulsion. Les efforts pour produire des titres fonciers officiels ont été entravés par l'absence de données précises, des systèmes de gestion foncière obsolètes et le manque d'espaces de dialogue entre les membres de la communauté, les parties prenantes foncières et les autorités locales. En conséquence, le gouvernement de la RDC entreprend des réformes d'aménagement régional pour résoudre, entre autres, la dualité et les conflits qu'elle entraîne entre la loi des chefs coutumiers et les autorités législatives foncières. « Dans la situation actuelle, il y a un manque sévère de données et d'outils modernes, ce qui crée du désordre et affecte la vie des communautés locales pauvres, » explique Barthelemy Boika, directeur technique de l'IRDAC, une organisation de développement travaillant aux côtés des autorités locales et des communautés pour aborder les problèmes de tenure foncière. Dans le cadre de cet effort, l'IRDAC a mis en œuvre le projet pilote Drones pour la Clarification Foncière et l'Autonomisation des Femmes - Moderniser la gouvernance foncière en République Démocratique du Congo, à Kasangulu, avec le soutien financier de Cities Alliance. Le pilote est un projet multipartite qui inclut la facilitation de la communication entre toutes les parties prenantes foncières, l'introduction de nouveaux outils de gestion foncière et la promotion du développement économique inclusif basé sur des droits fonciers sécurisés. « Assurer la sécurité de la tenure, les droits fonciers et immobiliers dans les établissements urbains informels reste l'un des défis de développement les plus persistants et inextricables aujourd'hui. La situation est particulièrement aiguë en Afrique, qui connaît des taux de croissance démographique très élevés, notamment dans ses villes de taille petite et moyenne. À Kasangulu, en RDC, une organisation locale collecte des données avec des drones et travaille avec les communautés et les autorités locales pour sécuriser les titres fonciers. » Rassembler tous les acteurs Un objectif clé de l'initiative IRDAC était d'établir une réconciliation entre toutes les parties prenantes et d'ouvrir le dialogue entre les résidents, les chefs traditionnels, les autorités concernées et le secteur privé, afin que chaque partie impliquée dans les problèmes fonciers ait l'opportunité de discuter et de travailler ensemble pour répondre aux défis identifiés et proposer des solutions communes. Cela a été réalisé en menant des cartographies des parties prenantes et des conflits et en établissant des ateliers participatifs et des événements. Au cours du processus, il a été constaté que la plupart des résidents de Kasangulu ignoraient les risques associés à l'insécurité de la tenure foncière informelle. Ce manque d'information sur les raisons et les méthodes de formalisation des droits fonciers, combiné à la faible capacité d'achat des ménages, aide à expliquer le faible accès des communautés locales aux titres fonciers. Parmi les 116 membres de la communauté consultés durant le processus, seulement une personne possédait un certificat d'enregistrement officiel. Les ateliers participatifs ont offert un espace unique pour que tous les acteurs acquièrent une compréhension globale des problèmes fonciers en jeu à Kasangulu et des responsabilités et droits des différents intervenants. Multi-stakeholder dialogue La voie à suivre, convenue par les parties prenantes, impliquait l'intégration de nouvelles technologies avec la participation communautaire. Dans le cadre de ce processus, des drones topographiques et des logiciels de cartographie ont été utilisés pour aider l'administration du registre foncier à passer de la documentation papier au numérique. Comme première étape, l'IRDAC a fourni une formation technique aux jeunes et aux agents fonciers pour leur permettre d'opérer les drones. « Le projet a apporté de nouvelles technologies à une administration qui ne savait pas comment les utiliser. Conformément à notre engagement social et à l'objectif du projet, nous avons formé 14 jeunes hommes et femmes de la communauté locale, ainsi que 8 représentants des autorités locales intéressés par la manipulation des drones, la collecte de données et la formation aux enquêtes sur le terrain. » L'introduction de drones civils dans le système de gestion foncière a facilité la collecte de données précises en temps réel, mais a également aidé à attirer l'attention sur le sujet et a renforcé la nécessité d'un soutien public pour sécuriser les propriétés foncières. Une autre facette du pilote consistait à aider l'administration à moderniser ses outils de gestion et à établir une base de données cadastrale numérique et automatisée qui répond à des questions clés, par exemple, combien de parcelles y a-t-il à Kasangulu ? Quelles sont leurs superficies ? Où sont-elles situées ? Les données collectées par les drones et les outils SIG ont été vérifiées et complétées par des enquêtes sur le terrain. « Les images de données collectées par les drones sont des données silencieuses. Vous devez aller sur le terrain pour découvrir qui possède quelle terre. Ensuite, vous compilez les deux pour obtenir des données attributives. » Ce processus est essentiel pour la formalisation des droits fonciers et immobiliers, et l'octroi de titres fonciers. Construire une résilience sociale et une durabilité En leur fournissant une base légale, le projet a contribué à sécuriser les droits des communautés locales et à augmenter leur résilience. Les ménages possédant un titre foncier sécurisé peuvent accéder à des microcrédits, ce qui est particulièrement utile pour les ménages dirigés par des femmes - souvent les plus vulnérables à l'insécurité foncière. Selon Boika, le titre foncier devient un moyen de subsistance pour les familles et leurs enfants et crée un cercle vertueux. « Posséder des titres fonciers sécurisés leur permet d'obtenir des microcrédits, de démarrer des activités génératrices de revenus et d'améliorer leurs conditions de vie et leur bien-être. Les femmes à Kasangulu ont été très impliquées dans ce projet : 40 à 50 % d'entre elles possèdent une parcelle de terrain que ce projet aide à formaliser et à numériser. » Cependant, bien que les femmes aient été au centre des activités de développement économique et qu'elles devaient bénéficier considérablement des prêts microcrédits potentiels, en raison de la pandémie de Covid-19, de nombreux projets sont actuellement en suspens. L'initiative pilote a également un fort potentiel pour favoriser la durabilité et la résilience environnementale en fournissant aux autorités de Kasangulu des données géographiques précises et actualisées. Cela leur permettra de surveiller et de gérer l'expansion de la ville pour protéger les zones vertes environnantes contre l'expansion urbaine. « Kasangulu est bordée de forêts. Et quand une ville s'étend, elle empiète sur les forêts et leur environnement environnant car les informations correspondantes ne sont ni disponibles ni sécurisées. » Néanmoins, l'initiative n'aurait pas d'avenir si les leçons apprises ne sont pas portées à un niveau légal, surtout dans le contexte des réformes du gouvernement de la RDC. « Les innovations et les leçons apprises à Kasangulu ont été transmises à l'autorité de certification foncière du gouvernement afin qu'elles puissent traduire ces expériences en cadres légaux et les intégrer dans la politique nationale d'aménagement du territoire, pour permettre aux provinces de numériser le cadastre foncier, plus tard, à l'échelle nationale lorsque les ressources seront disponibles » Il est également nécessaire de renforcer les capacités de l'administration et d'intégrer l'innovation dans les systèmes de gestion foncière, et un programme interactif sur mesure pour la gestion du registre foncier devrait être introduit. La technologie seule ne suffit pas. Un dialogue participatif est requis L'initiative IRDAC est conforme à la politique foncière actuelle en RDC, en termes d'intégration de l'innovation technologique et des systèmes de gestion foncière efficaces. Le projet pilote montre comment la numérisation peut être utilisée pour légaliser les actes fonciers coutumiers et sécuriser les parcelles de terre des communautés mais, surtout, il montre qu'un système inclusif ne peut être atteint qu'en maintenant des canaux efficaces et participatifs avec toutes les parties prenantes impliquées. Avec son impact social et environnemental, l'initiative démontre également l'importance des titres fonciers dans la poursuite d'un développement inclusif. « Ce projet a montré comment la technologie seule n'est pas suffisante. Ses principales innovations étaient l'établissement d'un espace pour le dialogue participatif multi-acteurs, conjointement avec l'utilisation des drones. C'est pourquoi ce projet ouvre de nouvelles opportunités pour nous de travailler avec d'autres partenaires et institutions. » L'accès à la terre avec une tenure sécurisée est désormais reconnu dans les agendas de développement mondial, donnant un élan considérable à cette question. Bien que cet intérêt mondial soit encourageant, le changement ne doit pas se produire exclusivement au niveau de la politique nationale. Les individus et les communautés urbains pauvres sont des acteurs essentiels dans le renforcement de la sécurité de la tenure, et des solutions incrémentielles à petite échelle et à court terme peuvent être clés pour améliorer la sécurité de la tenure, les conditions de logement et la construction de la ville. À travers l'initiative « Tenure sécurisée dans les villes africaines : Microfonds pour l'innovation communautaire », Cities Alliance a attribué des subventions à des organisations qui, comme l'IRDAC, innovent pour améliorer la sécurité de la tenure, les droits fonciers et immobiliers dans les villes africaines au niveau local. L'initiative a été financée par le réseau Omidyar, avec le soutien de PLACE. A propos de Cities Alliance Cities Alliance est un partenariat mondial qui lutte contre la pauvreté urbaine et soutient les villes dans la réalisation d'un développement durable. Hébergée par l'UNOPS, l'organisation compte 23 membres, incluant des institutions multilatérales, des agences des Nations Unies, des gouvernements, des organisations non gouvernementales, des gouvernements locaux et des réseaux de villes. Nos principaux domaines de travail incluent l'égalité des genres, la migration, la résilience climatique et l'innovation, avec un accent sur l'informalité. Previous Next

< Back Digitizing Aguda/Afro Brazilian architecture heritage of Porto-Novo Benin through LIDAR scanning & social participation H. Killion Mokwete This study explores the use of LIDAR scanning and community engagement in the digital documentation of Aguda/Afro Brazilian architecture in Benin, as a vital component of the preservation of historically significant structures that face imminent demolition. Researchers from Northeastern University are working together on the project with local research partners from The African Heritage School-EPA in Porto-Novo. A small but significant digital database is developing as a result of several field studies, oral interviews, and digital scanning processes. This digital database is an essential component of a proof of concept pilot project that aims to create region-wide digital documentation and will involve collaborating with students and other local researchers to identify, catalog, and conserve Africa’s local building heritage. This pilot project is envisaged as a test case for potential expansion to other cultural regions with similar heritage buildings such as Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon and Côte d’Ivoire where local partnerships are being developed. Digital tools and social participation are key to preserving postcolonial architectural heritage in Benin According to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the African continent has some 98 designated World Heritage Sites (cultural) and more than half of these can be found in 35 Sub-Saharan African countries. However, many of these sites in Africa (a total number of 93, in 2018) are placed on the List of World Heritage in danger due to threats from extractive processes (mineral and oil exploration), armed conflict, acts of terrorism, climate change, poaching, and uncontrolled rural and urban expansions. Grande Mosque, Porto-Novo, Benin, by odysseesdarchitectures Most heritage buildings in Sub-Saharan Africa can be organized in three categories: pre-colonization (traditional), colonial and post-colonial. These eras provide a base socio economic and historical context which marks events and activities that shaped the urban morphology, geo-social landscape of much of the Africa continent and that of the global South. Traditional era of Sub-Saharan African building heritage can be defined as the period during which feudal African tribes and regions self-ruled and built varying vernacular structures dictated by socio economic status and means of production for each cultural region. The Colonial era in Africa can be defined as the period between the first colonization of an Africa Kingdom by the Dutch in the 16th Century when they colonized parts of the cultural regions of the modern day Ghana (Gold Coast). The colonization period saw the partitioning of African cultural regions into territorial boundaries defined by colonizers interests and colonial structures. The introduced colonial building typologies and urban morphology of urban centers included religions such as churches & cathedrals, trading centers, castles etc. The Post-Colonial era can be defined as the period after decolonization and independence of Sub-Saharan African countries. During this period, independence governmental buildings and other structures were built to signify new beginnings and future aspirations. The Great Mosque of Djenne, Part of Africa’s remaining building heritage that is a UNESCO Protected heritage site photo by zibaloo In this essay, we use culturally-significant sites in the West African nation of Benin as a case study to examine the ways in which digital tools, digital archiving platforms and local social participation may be leveraged to preserve cultural heritage building sites in African postcolonial societies. The focus is on the on the architectural heritage (between traditional and colonial) of the Aguda people and investigate the new ways of leveraging technology towards building heritage preservation, education and local empowerment through social participation. The Aguda of the Bight of Benin is a community composed the descendants of the Portuguese traders who settled in the region in the 1700s; the descendants of the Brazilian traders who came soon after; and the descendants of the retornados, i.e., former slaves who settled in this area upon their return from Brazil. The retornados, researchers put their numbers at anywhere from 3,000 to 8,000 were originally from a vast sub-region of western Africa, but upon their return, they settled mainly on the coast between Lagos, Nigeria and Anehó, Togo. Afro-Brazilian architecture in Porto-Novo reflects Aguda influence, yet faces neglect, limited preservation efforts, and climate threats. The Aguda’s influence in Benin’s urban morphology is best found in the City of Porto-Novo, where new typology of building style based on villa & manor designs of Brazil was mixed in with local vernacular to create a style popularly known as the Afro-Brazilian architecture style. This style is exemplified by building on generally two floors, with regular shapes, large verandahs on both sides of buildings with arcades, bays decorated with rich roman-like lintels and usually wooden shutters. The Afro-Brazilians returnees constituted artisans, cabinet makers, bricklayer’s/master builders, tailors, traders, carpenters and other trade skills. In 1897 in Lagos, there were 96 males registered with 6 cabinet makers, 11 bricklayers and builders, builders and master builders, 9 tailors and 21 carpenters, 24 traders and 17 clerks. 23 percent of the Afro-Brazilian populations were carpenters. Carpentry and bricklaying remain the main occupation of some of the Brazilian returnees. Afro- Brazilian houses are in a state of disrepair and suffer from neglect. The necessity for conservation and the salience of cultural heritage is mainly advocated by architects with limited resources towards rehabilitation and preservation. Typical private residence Afro-Brazilian (Sobrados) features two storey dwelling with clay ornate facades, decorated windows, balconies & doors with clay molding, breezeways (open source) Although some steps are being taken to protect heritage sites, Heritage protection in Porto-Novo, with a great successful example of the rehabilitation of the Vodoun sites across Porto-Novo by The Ouadada Cultural Centre) there is still not sufficient resources to undertake a comprehensive rehabilitation of all sites. The lack of resources organizations and advocacy towards building heritage also presents a diminishing role of local community in participating in defining their heritage assets and therefore loss of continuity across generation’s institutional memory. Furthermore, limited legal frameworks such laws towards heritage preservation for pre-development impact assessments make it easy for developers to prefer demolishing without any prior assessments. Benin, like most Sub-Saharan African countries, lacks accessible digitized databases and archive institutions with more African heritage archives being held in foreign institutions such as European, American and Australian universities and museums. The current work being undertaken by the (École du Patrimoine Africain (African Heritage School) lacks scaling opportunities and funding partnerships. Climate change impacts such as higher temperatures, worsening floods, threaten to condemn some African landmarks. There is no comprehensive data on the total number of African heritage spots at risk, but research co-led by Simpson on coastal sites found that 56 locations are already facing flooding and erosion exacerbated by rising sea levels. In Benin, the Aguda architecture buildings due to the material nature are quickly deteriorating due to heavy rains and flooding amongst others. A collaborative digital platform will preserve Benin’s architectural heritage by combining technology, local knowledge, and global partnerships The project’s conceptual framework for this research is centered on what is described by The Framework Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society (Council of Europe 2005) as ‘Heritage Community’ defined as “cultural heritage is a group of resources inherited from the past which people identify, independently of ownership, as a reflection and expression of their constantly evolving values, beliefs, knowledge and traditions. It includes all the aspects of the environment resulting from the interaction between people and places through time” . This new way of looking at heritage lays the foundations for redesigning relations between all the involved stakeholders. The proposed model for this project centers a partnership between researchers (local and international) and local community knowledge custodians through a social participation framework and leveraging technological tools towards documentation and curating of local building heritage physical and non physical cultural memory. By building on this collaborative platform framework, this research will leverage the following technologies and approaches: Modern 3D capture through LiDAR scanning and photogrammetry technology will be used to document the existing condition of heritage buildings and to create digital blueprints, enabling planners to prioritize preservation activities and furthering opportunities for future building renovations and reuse. Through centering community participation and storytelling, this research will activate community members’ role in celebrating unique cultural heritage embedded in their local built environment and defining and curating personalized building heritage narratives. Leica’s BLK360 Tripod LIDAR Scanner, BLK2FLY drone scanner, Infrared Temperature visualization, Onset Data loggers (Temperature & Humidity)Leica’s BLK360 Tripod LIDAR Scanner, BLK2FLY drone scanner, Infrared Temperature visualization, Onset Data loggers (Temperature & Humidity) By creating a locally hosted and searchable database of heritage buildings, this research will start the first-ever platform for an architectural heritage archive serving Benin and other sub-Saharan African countries. Creating three-dimensional digital models will enable community-based education and academic research opportunities focused on vernacular building methods, offering opportunities for virtual experiential connection, with focused outreach to the global African diaspora community seeking to connect and learn about African heritage. This innovative and interactive platform will be made accessible to local university partners (École du Patrimoine Africain (African Heritage School), who in turn will benefit from new opportunities for technical and socio-cultural teaching and research. The proposed platform will be based on a collaborative model, developed in partnership with local communities who are custodians of culturally significant architectural artifacts. Models, historical records, and local narratives about heritage sites can be shared with diverse local community members, leveraging local press, libraries, and municipal archives. There is a critical need for coordination and technical support from Northeastern University, where researchers and students will serve as partners with community-based organizations, bringing innovative tools for creating a multimedia digital archive, technical expertise, and cross-regional coordination to create and maintain the platform and to carry out ongoing research on traditional building practices and the cultural, historical, and technological significance of diverse architectural resources. A digital platform will document and preserve endangered heritage sites in Porto-Novo, Benin, using multimedia tools and local engagement The proposed digital platform will document heritage sites across sub-Saharan Africa using multimedia tools such as computer-aided drawings (CAD), photographic documentation, written narratives, audio storytelling, hand drawings, models, and other media. It will engage local communities by building their capacity to collect, preserve, and assess the social value of their built environment, fostering sustained participation in preservation activities. Additionally, the platform will serve as an educational resource, providing access to archival data on cultural heritage sites for researchers, educators, community planners, and citizens both locally and internationally. A proposal for a pilot project acting as a proof of concept for the broader research will be based in Benin, in the City of Porto-Novo in Benin and will analyze and document the cultural heritage building which is endangered through urbanization, neglect, climate change and other socio economic threats. Collaborating team: Dr. Franck Komlan Ogou, Dr. Jessica Parr,Dr. Patricia Davis, Bahare Sonaie-Movahed Previous Next

< Back The Pedestrian's Plight: Walking as an inconvenient mobility option in Abuja Mohammed Lawal Shaibu In Abuja, Nigeria's capital, walking is a common mode of transportation, yet the city's design and policies make it inconvenient and unsafe for pedestrians, particularly for marginalized groups like the poor, disabled, elderly, and children. The city's car-centric planning, including separate land use zones and limited public transportation, forces residents to rely on cars to access essential services. To improve walkability, Abuja must prioritize mixed land use, increase intersection density, establish functional public transit, enhance streetscapes, and enact pedestrian-friendly policies. Understanding the factors affecting walkability, such as land use, urban compactness, circulation, public transit, streetscape, and management policies, is crucial. Implementing measures to enhance walkability not only improves urban mobility but also promotes equity and inclusivity. Despite its challenges, Abuja has the potential to become more walkable through proactive urban planning, policy enforcement, and community engagement, ultimately leading to a more sustainable and inclusive city. Like many other African cities, walking is a primary mode of transport for most trips in Abuja, Nigeria’s capital city. However, the conditions for walking are inconvenient due to the character or state of the city’s land use plan, urban compactness, circulation plan, streetscape, and urban management policies. This excludes social groups such as the poor, disabled, aged, and children from enjoying urban mobility and requires urban citizens to own or use a car to fully access their rights to the city. In order to enhance walking conditions, the city needs to reduce its car dependency by addressing the factors that improve walkability. These include embracing mixed-uses for urban compactness and diversity as opposed to separating residential from non-residential land uses, promoting high intersection densities to reduce travel distances and offer multiple route choice, ensuring functionality in public transportation, enhancing the quality of the street, and introducing pedestrian-friendly urban policies. Research-based efforts to emphasise the urgent need for inclusive and sustainable urban mobility in Abuja should be echoed and applied in practice to improve the lives of people who live and work in the city. Aerial landscape view of Abuja City Business District, by Tayvay on shutterstock_1439458676 "Walking, but not walkable: just another African city." Before the development of Abuja, every city that existed in Nigeria had been formed – even as a small town – by socio-economic forces like markets and culture. As Bertaud (2018) puts it, such cities had their original order without design before the intervention of physical development plans. Abuja is different; it is the first city in Nigeria that was developed from scratch in line with a master plan. Its original order followed a blueprint designed between 1976 and 1979. In the preface of his influential book, Cities for People, Gehl (2010) assert that city planning during that period (from the 1960s to 2000s) was problematic because it largely ignored the human scale, manifesting drastic consequences that would not be recognized until much later. Abuja’s planning was no different; it largely followed western car-centric patterns that require the urban population to own or use a car in order to fully interact with the city (Shaibu & Adebayo, 2022). In African cities, over 70% of the urban population walk as a primary transport mode to access essential services, much higher than the global average of about 40% (UNEP & UNHSP, 2022). While this is often for a lack of choice, it implies that African cities are essentially walking cities despite the car-centric urban patterns in cities like Abuja and unfavourable and dangerous walking conditions in other Sub-Saharan African cities (Halias, 2020). It is therefore essential for such cities to rethink their approach to urban planning and management by prioritising walking (and cycling) as a convenient urban mobility option. To do this, existing features and elements in Abuja that make walking inconvenient for the pedestrian should be improved through urban planning decisions. These have been repeatedly stated in different mediums to emphasise the urgent need to pursue sustainable urban mobility for the city (Nigerian Urbanism, 2023; Shaibu, 2022; Shaibu & Adebayo, 2022). Aerial view of downtown Abuja, Nigeria, by Leandry Jieutsa from an image taken from Google Earth 2022 "Abuja must understand car-dependency and walkability, then drive towards the latter." Car-dependency and walkability can be said to be inversely proportional. Quite a number of progressive cities have made efforts at reversing car dependency – a situation when reliance on private vehicles is high because it is the most favoured and convenient form of urban transport. This is typically done through the introduction of multiple means, elements, or factors that support and encourage non-private car transport such as walking, cycling, and public transportation by making them safe and convenient, thus fostering walkability. To prioritise walking in Abuja, it is important that the key factors that determine its level of car-dependency or walkability are understood. Dan Burden, one of the most popular figures in the walkability movement globally, listed eleven (11) factors that affect walkability; they are the location of facilities, adequacy of walkways, connectivity, street orientation, density, street speeds, aesthetics, land use, affordability, and neighbourhood schools (Burden, 1992). Several other authors have developed similar lists with overlapping elements that apply to Abuja. Lived and practical urban planning experience in the city, as well as literature review on walkability, suggest that the factors most relevant to Abuja are its land use plan, urban compactness, circulation plan, public transportation systems, urban streetscape design, and urban management laws/policies. Abuja’s land use plan distributes primary facilities for commerce (retail shops and neighbourhood markets), education (nursery, primary, and secondary schools), employment (office buildings), health (primary health centres and clinics), and recreation (children’s playgrounds and other parks) separately from residents, affecting proximity, connectedness, and urban compactness. This makes residents have to travel longer distances to access the services within those facilities. Its circulation plan within districts mostly follow curvilinear and cul-de-sac patterns, while cross-intersections that offer more route choices and shorter walking distances are highly discouraged. The city has no functional public transport system in operation after a ban of mini-buses in 2013, a collapse of the replacement urban mass transport scheme with metro buses in 2018, and a discontinuation of the city’s only urban rail line in 2020 after just two functional years. Most of the city’s streets lack elements like street furnishing, signages, and paved uninterrupted sidewalks that make up complete streets. Lastly, urban management policies such as the closure of pedestrian access to commercial lots as a traffic management solution worsens the pedestrian’s plight. "Aiding the pedestrian’s plight is inclusive planning." The separate distribution of facilities, curvilinear road network, absence of public transportation, incomplete streetscapes, and short-sighted urban policies in Abuja imply that the life of an urban resident who does not have or cannot use a private car is made infinitely more difficult. Such residents fall into four main social groups that are excluded from fully enjoying convenient urban mobility. These are the poor (who cannot afford private cars), the disabled (who are wheelchair bound or blind and require help from able-bodied persons), the aged (who are not advised to drive after a certain age, could be wheelchair bound, and find harsh vehicle noises unfriendly), and children (who are not allowed to drive and at high risk of pedestrian injury and death). Enhancing walkability in Abuja is therefore about equity and inclusivity which are important sustainable development principles that accord high consideration to disadvantaged people. Abuja, by macdavis-johnson on unsplash, November 2021 "Still, the people are walking. Help them walk better." Despite the realities of Abuja, walking remains common for first and last mile intermodal transport especially in parts of the city where commercial motorcycles (okada) and tricycles (keke-NAPEP) are not allowed to operate. Abuja needs to intentionally enhance the highlighted factors that affect its walkability so as to make walking better by improving safety and convenience for pedestrians. The primary way to achieve this as emphasised by Jacobs (1961) is to plan land uses within walking distances of each other through mixed uses for more compact and diverse cities. Abuja needs to ensure that detailed plans for districts yet to be developed have sufficient provision for mixed-use plots within neighbourhoods. The current practice of allowing different kinds of uses along a mixed-use corridor, yet separate uses for every plot along that corridor, is a flawed approach. Instead, mixed use plots should allow different uses on different floor levels or different areas within one plot provided that the uses are compatible and complementary. Within already developed districts, particularly in Phase I of the city, efforts should be put towards densification through mutually beneficial partnerships between current property holders and housing developers as was historically applied in the Athens polikatoikias system (O'Sullivan, 2020). Densification of Abuja’s urban core will present other socio-economic benefits such as improved tax base per land area, better utilisation of existing infrastructure, and allowance for community parks with potential for increased social capital. It is also necessary to address the disinclination to cross-intersections in neighbourhood designs. The conventional grid street pattern that is prominent in cities like Barcelona, Chicago, and New York is considered to best facilitate walking because of its high intersection density which offers more route choices and shorter walking distances (Campoli, 2012). With such a pattern, pedestrians are more likely to walk along a straight line, have three possible directions to go on approaching an intersection, and can permeate through city blocks more frequently. Radial circulation patterns in historic African towns and cities also have high intersection densities with primary streets running to the central palace, market, and religious centre and circling secondary streets that repeatedly cross the primary streets at increasing radii. However, as early as from the university level, urban and regional planning students are sternly taught to avoid cross-intersections in their plans and designs, an ideology that is carried on to professional practice. The reason for this is that such intersections are considered to offer longer waiting time for vehicles to cross or turn and more possible vehicular conflict/collision points. Having established that they are better for pedestrians but arguably not as favourable to the vehicle, the discouragement of cross-intersections displays a glaring illustration of car-centric planning that pursues convenience for the vehicle at the expense of convenience for the pedestrian. Furthermore, Abuja is in desperate need of public transportation systems to intermediate the pedestrian’s long-distance trips. This implies that residents can walk (or cycle) from their starting destination to a nearby public transport station (e.g., bus stop), use the system to commute, and then walk to their final destination. Public transport systems are beneficial for cities as they minimize traffic congestion, pollution emissions, and energy consumption per traveler. Abuja, by oussama obeid on shutterstock, september 2023 The city has struggled with public transport over the past decade due to poor planning, maintenance, and financial constraints. Nonetheless, a lack of metro buses, at the very least, is inexcusable for a capital city of Abuja’s caliber. The city is currently dependent on private salon cars for public transport with overcrowding and physical struggle at popular pick-up/drop-off points. Sidewalks and their accompanying elements such as signs, furniture, landscaped strips, etc. are crucial to the walking experience. They should not be perceived as future add-ons for streets where the common practice in Abuja, mostly outside the urban core, is to pave drive lanes first and await interventions years in future. This leaves a lot of streets lacking those crucial elements that encourage people to walk and make walking more pleasant. Moreso, where such sidewalks are existing, efforts should be made to address interruptions such as reckless car parking, obstructive driveways into plots, and open refuse dumping. Lastly, policies that favour pedestrians and minimise car dependency should be enforced in the urban management of Abuja. Such policies should be derived following extensive and in-depth studies on the city’s physical and socio-economic urban context as well as case studies from successful policies in other cities around the world. "Abuja has the capacity to foster walkability if it decides to." Abuja is a unique African city because its development originally followed a masterplan, albeit a car-centric one. Yet, it is similar to many other African cities with regards to the high levels of walking The paradox is that despite the city’s car-centric plan, walking remains a primary urban transport mode and, therefore, efforts towards enhancing the walking experience through improved convenience and safety for the pedestrian should be intensified. The city’s land use plan, circulation plan, public transport functionality, streetscape, and urban management policies are critical factors that require intervention to reduce the city’s car-dependency and improve walkability. The current pedestrian-unfriendly state of these factors should not portray Abuja in bad light. They are instead an indication of the possibilities for more inclusive and sustainable urban mobility which can be achieved through an improvement in urban planning teaching, ideology, and practice as well as improved policy making at a city-level. To achieve these, urban planners and other stakeholders in academia and practice should grab every opportunity to help the city (and its decision-makers) understand where it falls short and why it needs to sit up. Resources such as the compilation of good practices that can inspire government actions and decisions to retain, protect, and enable people that walk and cycle in Africa are highly recommended (UNEP & UNHSP, 2022). What is Abuja waiting for? Abuja, by oussama obeid on shutterstock Previous Next

< Back African Cities Magazine 1 October 31, 2020 With a series of innovations, initiatives, and projects on urban planning, architecture, or design, this first edition showcases how innovative ideas and solutions shape urban systems into more resilient, inclusive, and sustainable human settlements in Africa. Through different portraits and interviews of practitioners, innovators, and change-makers in architecture and urban development, we hope to share experiences, examples, best practices, and tools for a more sustainable future. We also hope to showcase the beauty, diversity, challenges, and opportunities in African cities of today, as well as paint a picture of what the cities of tomorrow will look like. Interview with Romarick ATOKE. Architect HMONP Head of Architecture & Urban Design, at Sèmè City Development Agency I keep a fairly optimistic vision of the African city by 2050. Through the ambition and commitment of our leaders combined with the determination, expertise and know-how of the actors of the city that we are, this African city will be resilient and sustainable Architecture Innovation The Warka Village aspires to transform the landscape of comprehensive human development by utilizing low-cost, sustainable, community-driven, high-impact multisector development interventions tailored to the village’s specific needs. Smart city projects in Africa Diamniadio in Senegal emphasizes connectivity with fiber networks and IoT-driven services, aiming to transform urban planning. Semecity in Benin fosters a knowledge-based economy, integrating smart tech in education and entrepreneurship. Morocco’s Benguerir Green City prioritizes eco-friendly design, with solar energy and sustainable infrastructure leading its development. Akon City , also in Senegal, envisions a blockchain-based hub for tourism and technology, although still in its initial phases. Cities Pixels and colors English version Version française Previous Next

Alé Badara SY promeut l'urbanisation adaptative au Sénégal, intégrant la communauté pour transformer les défis climatiques en opportunités économiques et créer des villes inclusives et durables. < Back Réinventer les villes Sénégalaises au carrefour de l'urbanisme inclusif et des opportunités économiques Alé Badara SY Alé Badara SY, expert en urbanisme et président d'un club de réflexion urbaine, souligne l'importance de s'adapter aux réalités territoriales au Sénégal pour répondre aux défis d'urbanisation, de changement climatique, et de logement. Il identifie la nécessité de projets d'infrastructure adaptatifs, un accès équitable au logement et renforce le leadership et la capacité de planification des acteurs locaux. Alé plaide pour une approche inclusive qui transforme les défis climatiques en opportunités économiques, insistant sur l'implication des communautés, en particulier des femmes et des jeunes, dans les processus de planification urbaine pour créer des villes durables et vivables.

< Back Faire la ville ensemble : co-construire la ville africaine par l'apprentissage Stéphanie Wattrelos Rutily, Insaf Ben Othmane La tendance mondiale à l'urbanisation s'accélère, avec plus de la moitié de la population mondiale vivant en ville, une proportion qui devrait atteindre 70 % d'ici 2050. Cependant, 90 % de cette croissance se produit en Asie et en Afrique, avec 75 % concentrée dans les villes intermédiaires de moins d'un million d'habitants. Les gouvernements africains sont confrontés à d'énormes défis pour améliorer les conditions de vie et répondre aux besoins des nouveaux citadins. L'urbanisme participatif représente un changement de paradigme qui appelle à des arrangements coopératifs où les habitants et les acteurs de la ville participent au processus de planification, de conception et de gestion. Le Campus AFD, Oecumene Spaces For Dignity et Africa Innovation Network ont co-construit « Faire La Ville Ensemble » pour soutenir les acteurs de la ville dans la prise de conscience des changements de paradigme nécessaires. La structure pédagogique numérique alterne entre apprentissage en ligne et temps collaboratifs dans un atelier numérique, fondée sur des principes pédagogiques innovants. Nous vivons dans un monde en rupture, où tout change, tout s'accélère, tout devient plus complexe, plus fragile et incertain. La planète s'urbanise à un rythme sans précédent. Déjà, plus de la moitié de la population mondiale vit en ville ; cette proportion atteindra 70 % d'ici 2050. Toutefois, bien que cette tendance soit mondiale, elle n'est pas uniforme : 90 % de la croissance urbaine mondiale se produit en Asie et en Afrique, avec des caractéristiques variées d'un pays à l'autre en termes de vitesse, d'échelle, de structure du tissu urbain et de couverture territoriale ; la croissance urbaine se déroule dans des mégapoles, mais 75 % de cette croissance se produit et continuera de se produire dans les villes intermédiaires de moins d'un million d'habitants. Les gouvernements africains, tant nationaux que locaux, sont confrontés à d'immenses défis pour améliorer les conditions de vie de leurs habitants et répondre aux besoins des nouveaux citadins. L'ampleur, la force et la vitesse de ces changements nous obligent à agir rapidement, à réinventer nos façons de penser et de vivre dans le monde, et surtout à replacer les habitants et les utilisateurs au cœur de la construction des villes et des territoires. « L'urbanisme participatif est un paradigme de planification qui appelle à des arrangements coopératifs dans lesquels les habitants et les acteurs de la ville sont impliqués dans le processus de planification, de conception et de gestion. Il promeut le dialogue ouvert et la collaboration fructueuse entre les parties prenantes : habitants, utilisateurs, experts, décideurs et investisseurs, permettant de renforcer la cohésion sociale et une meilleure gestion des ressources avec un engagement toujours plus grand des communautés, des institutions locales et des acteurs locaux. Cependant, l'urbanisme participatif n'est pas intuitif. Il nécessite un fort engagement des maîtres d'ouvrage et, par conséquent, des élus locaux ainsi que la participation d'une vaste gamme d'acteurs prêts à s'investir. Il requiert un investissement important en temps et en ressources, une méthodologie structurée et des efforts ciblés pour assurer le succès. Qui dit urbanisme participatif dit participation. De nouvelles compétences doivent être acquises pour mobiliser et fédérer les acteurs locaux, collaborer et co-construire. » Insaf Ben Othmane Hamrouni, Fondatrice et Directrice exécutive, Œcumene Spaces For Dignity. La construction de la ville, en Afrique comme dans le monde, ne peut plus se faire sans les habitants, les utilisateurs, les acteurs économiques, les associations, les experts et les opérateurs. Cela doit être présent à toutes les étapes du projet (de sa conception à sa mise en œuvre). Ce changement de paradigme dans la manière de penser l'urbanisme et cette reconfiguration des rôles impliquent de nouveaux « modes de faire » : « faire avec » et, surtout, « faire ensemble ». Le continent africain bénéficie de certains atouts, tels que : La puissance de l'innovation africaine combinant à la fois l'esprit du jugaad (faire mieux ou aussi bien avec moins de ressources) et le leapfrogging (capacité à faire un bond qualitatif) ; Une culture du collectif et de la fabrication informelle de la ville (une culture de l'apprentissage communautaire) ; L'émergence des communs urbains, qui prennent la forme de « lieux, publics ou privés, partagés par les habitants qui développent des usages pluriels, impliquant ainsi une multitude d'acteurs différents dans une gouvernance ouverte et mobilisant les ressources variées du territoire, matérielles et immatérielles, pour des usages destinés à différents cercles d'utilisateurs » (Françoise et al., 2022). Ces communs urbains se concrétisent de manière plus tangible par le développement de tiers-lieux culturels, de terrains de sport, de jardins partagés, de Fab labs, d'espaces de marché et de communautés d'apprentissage. En Afrique, des initiatives d'urbanisme participatif ont émergé dans le processus de fabrication du tissu urbain et prennent des formes multiples, telles que l'urbanisme tactique, l'urbanisme éphémère, l'urbanisme temporaire, l'urbanisme transitoire, etc. Véritable levier de transformation des territoires par la co-construction, le partage, la participation et l'innovation, l'urbanisme participatif offre de nombreuses opportunités pour construire des territoires plus inclusifs, résilients et durables, répondant aux besoins de leurs habitants. Pour Luc Gnacadja, la gestion et la gouvernance urbaine doivent se hisser à la hauteur des défis. Le premier facteur requis est le leadership et la qualité managériale des acteurs clés de la gouvernance publique. « Nous ne sommes pas équipés pour sortir de nos schémas mentaux et inventer de nouvelles manières de faire ; nous devons collectivement apprendre à libérer nos imaginaires et à nous affranchir de nos préjugés, à penser systématiquement et à connecter plutôt que séparer. Il ne s'agit pas d'éclipser le savoir-faire technique, mais de renforcer la capacité à identifier, mobiliser et synergiser les initiatives sur le terrain pour activer des collaborations qui mettent en valeur l'intelligence collective et partagent la connaissance, la créativité et la co-construction de solutions propres à chaque territoire. Et cela doit être appris, vécu et expérimenté plutôt que décrété. » Stéphanie Wattrelos Rutily, Urbaniste, chargée de projets pédagogiques, Campus AFD. La ville africaine durable doit être plus inclusive, libérant la créativité de chacun pour construire des solutions durables. Pour relever le défi de la ville pour tous et soutenir les acteurs de la ville dans la sensibilisation aux changements de paradigme nécessaires, le Campus AFD, Oecumene Spaces For Dignity et Africa Innovation Network ont co-construit, avec et pour ces acteurs, « Faire La Ville Ensemble » un nouveau parcours d'apprentissage immersif et collaboratif. Ses objectifs : comprendre les dynamiques complexes à l'œuvre dans les territoires urbains ; identifier les notions de participation et co-définir ensemble les concepts clés pour une participation ouverte et partagée en Afrique ; sensibiliser et initier les acteurs de la ville en Afrique aux approches et outils pour co-construire des projets urbains en s'appuyant sur l'intelligence collective et la créativité. Cette formation vise à transformer les postures et à accompagner le changement pour passer du rôle traditionnel de chef de projet à celui de facilitateur au sein de son territoire. « Ce que je retiens de mon parcours sur “Faire la ville ensemble”, ce sont ces moments intenses qui ponctuent les différentes phases de mise en œuvre de la participation comme outil essentiel à la fabrication de la ville. Cet exercice complexe et instructif nous a permis, en tant que participants, de faire face aux défis de nos villes, notamment en Afrique, où l'anarchie, la précarité et l'absence de planification stratégique en constituent le trait central. Mais à mesure que nous apprenions ces méthodes de participation, nous avons réalisé qu'il est possible de rêver de villes africaines inclusives et durables qui se construisent différemment, avec de nouvelles approches impliquant les différents acteurs dans la création d'une vision partagée de leur ville. Cela permet aux autres parties prenantes de planifier ensemble et de travailler vers un objectif commun. Ces méthodes bénéficient à l'Agence d'urbanisme du Grand Tunis, qui intervient principalement pour assister les autorités locales dans l'élaboration de leurs outils d'urbanisme, constituant une opportunité de mettre ces approches en pratique. » Jihene Ghiloufi Dahmeni, Ingénieur, Directrice de la gestion de l'information urbaine, Tunisie. La structure pédagogique numérique « Faire la Ville Ensemble », co-construite avec les acteurs locaux, alternera apprentissage en ligne et temps collaboratifs dans un atelier numérique, en s'appuyant sur des principes pédagogiques innovants, à savoir : Conçue comme un commun numérique, la plateforme « Faire la Ville Ensemble » propose du contenu éducatif dynamique et interactif (expériences de terrain, vidéos, infographies, boîtes à outils, quiz...) à découvrir à son propre rythme et en autonomie ; Et pour explorer, inventer, se mettre à la place de… et apprendre par le jeu, l'intelligence collective et la créativité, des ateliers numériques collaboratifs ponctuent tout le parcours pour ceux qui disposent de plus de temps. Plus qu'une simple formation, « Faire la Ville Ensemble » est une véritable expérience d'apprentissage qui s'appuie sur l'innovation, l'intelligence collective et la puissance du partage d'expériences. C'est avant tout une communauté d'acteurs de la ville engagés dans la volonté de replacer l'humain au cœur de la construction de la ville. Previous Next

< Back Leveraging digital technologies for mapping deprived areas in eThekwini, South Africa Dr. Sophie Naue, Michael Hathorn Informal settlements are home to one-quarter of the world’s urban population and the number is expected to increase in the coming years. Overall, around 1 billion urban drawlers live in settlements that are often characterized by poor housing conditions and unsecure tenure, located at the urban periphery with limited access to basic services such as clean water, electricity, and sanitation. The improvement of living conditions for these inhabitants remains a pressing global challenge. However, this massive urban growth often leads to outdated records and inaccurate data on deprived areas, which hampers public entities in sustainable planning and responses to resident needs. This raises the question: How can digital technologies help to better understand informal settlements and provide cities with spatial data to support evidence-based planning processes? Considering these challenges, UNITAC Hamburg developed BEAM (Building & Establishment Automated Mapper), a machine learning tool for mapping informal structures using aerial imagery that was piloted in collaboration with the Human Settlement Unit from eThekwini Municipality in South Africa. This project article focuses on the challenges of mapping informal settlements, considering the piloting and development of the BEAM tool in the case of eThekwini. Accurate data is crucial for upgrading informal settlements and enhancing resilience eThekwini municipality has the largest number of informal settlements in South Africa with over 587 settlements, accommodating over 314,000 households. This accounts for more than a quarter of the entire city’s population. To address this issue and strengthen community resilience the city has embraced an ambitious informal settlement upgrading programme including basic urban service delivery, housing projects and land management mechanisms. But developing a pipeline of urban upgrading and basic service delivery projects necessitates up-to-date information on the number and location of informal structures as well as environmental constraints that could prevent provision of urban basic services and affordable housing. While eThekwini Municipality is engaged in spatial data collection efforts, data on its deprived areas remains scarce. Aerial view of informal settlements in eThekwini municipality, South Africa Mapping deprived areas presents a significant challenge due to their unplanned and dynamic nature Traditionally, spatial data collection relies on survey-based approaches and census data, which continue to be both costly and time-consuming with long gaps between censuses (typically 5 – 10 years) and additional time before the information is available. Given the rapid development of informal settlements, data collected using such methods may already be obsolete when released to the user (Mahabir et al., 2018, p.4). Considering the above, aerial photography or satellite imagery can provide a detailed view of the physical structure of settlements by facilitating the extraction of building footprints. Although these methods do not capture the intricacies of informal settlements, to say nothing of the characteristics of the people living there, they provide a fast and low-cost picture of the morphology and structure of these areas. In comparison, traditional mapping remains time-consuming and is a complex process, requiring a nuanced understanding of the political, social, and economic dynamics that shape these neighborhoods. In eThekwini, data has been collected by 15 on-the ground land monitors servicing 587 settlements (eThekwini HSU, 2021). This process cannot keep track of the fast changes in the built environment. The workflow has limited the city’s capacity to respond to residents’ needs. Another source of information is remotely-sensed images. These include satellite images, lidar data, and 2,500 km2 of annually captured aerial photography, which are manually analyzed and digitalized by the GIS Cooperation of eThekwini (eThekwini HSU, 2021). The size of the areas that need coverage and the rate of change of informal settlements mean that the established processes struggle to capture and maintain data in a robust and timely fashion. These challenges align with UN-Habitat’s recent global study of smart city governance practices (UN-Habitat, 2022), which revealed that less than half of African cities effectively combine manual data with automated data and data from large-scale databases to inform decision making. Building & Establishment Automated Mapper: Using Machine Learning to map informal settlements In recent years digital technologies like remote sensing, lidar data, and deep learning have become helpful tools to improve mapping processes of informal settlements. However, developing remote sensing technologies is resource intensive and requires specialized training to operate, which can be a major obstacle for municipalities such as eThekwini. To this end UNITAC Hamburg collaborated with the Human Settlement Unit in eThekwini to develop BEAM (Building & Establishment Automated Mapper). BEAM is a mapping tool for city planners that uses ML to radically accelerate the spatial recognition of informal settlements based on aerial imagery. The tool was developed as an easy-to-use application that allows the user to quickly detect and visualize urban footprints in a specific area by simply uploading aerial images of a given location. Users have a choice of using one of two trained models (U-Net or HRNet), which offer tradeoffs in speed and performance. Images showing the labeling and training process 1, UNITAC 2024 The algorithm is trained to identify and to mark all pixels on an aerial image that the model considers as part of a building. These pixels are converted to georeferenced polygons, which represent building footprints. Those layers can be used to calculate the density of informal settlements in a very easy and quick manner or to identify changes over time, including the expansion, densification, and establishment of new settlements. Reasons for low identification accuracies of informal settlements are attributed to their rather different morphological characteristics (e.g., higher roof coverage densities, more organic patterns, and small building sizes) compared to formal built-up areas. Due to the heterogeneous characteristics of informal settlement the team had to face various challenges in training the BEAM algorithm. In particular, the model’s performance suffered when being run on building typologies that were not represented in the training set, and on imagery that was not from the same year. To address these issues, a more diverse training dataset was created, and the training pipeline was adapted to make the models more robust on out-of-sample imagery. Outputs from an early (prototype) model., UNITAC 2024 Maintain records of informal settlements’ location, extent, and changes, using BEAM’s outputs for tracking and urban planning The BEAM tool was co-designed with the Human Settlement Unit, to correspond to their needs and handed over to the city after development. To ensure direct access and advocate local ownership UNITAC also provided a manual, with a step-by-step guidance on how to install and use the tool and conducted serval tech sessions for knowledge and skills transfer, required for the effective use and integration of the tool into the existing workstreams of the municipality of eThekwini. Currently BEAM is being tested by the eThekwini GIS Cop. who has provided feedback and recommendations for improvement. There are several benefits of using algorithms like BEAM for mapping informal settlements including: Accuracy: ML algorithms can accurately map informal settlements using aerial or satellite imagery, providing a precise understanding of their location, size, and extent. Efficiency: Using ML accelerates the mapping process, saving time and resources compared to traditional methods like surveys or manual digitalization, while still delivering reliable data. Scalability: ML algorithms can be trained to analyze large data sets, useful for monitoring changes over time and identifying areas needing infrastructure development or vulnerable to environmental impacts. Challenges associated with mapping informal settlements using ML models include: Data Availability: High-quality data is needed to train ML algorithms effectively. Limited access to aerial or satellite imagery can hinder this process. Complexity: Informal settlements are diverse, with varying building materials, construction methods, and patterns, making it difficult to develop accurate ML algorithms. Ethics: ML use raises ethical concerns about privacy, surveillance, and consent. Maintenance: Continuous updates and training of algorithms are necessary to maintain accuracy and relevance, addressing the critical issues of scale and data access. Despite the challenges above, today BEAM detects urban footprints on aerial photography achieving an accuracy (Dice coefficient/F1 score) of 91% on an out-of-sample test set. It processes one image in 70 to 90 seconds. With this performance the BEAM tool allows the city to have up-to-date records of the location and extent of its informal settlements as well as to keep track of changes in the built-up area or density over time and leverage the tool output for planning. Using BEAM eThekwini can reduce the time it takes to map all informal settlements of the city from an estimated 1,320 working days to 72 hours. The tool does the work that otherwise would have taken months and a whole project team. The tool allows the municipality to automate and accelerate mapping processes and achieve more efficient and evidence-based planning processes by understanding the dynamics of Informal settlements. Model outputs (left) vs ground truths (right), UNITAC 2024 Machine Learning tools enhance urban planning but require ethical use, privacy protection, and community benefits Mapping deprived areas using ML tools has the potential to provide a more accurate and efficient method of identifying urban growth and density. This can help cities and other policymakers to better understand the dynamics of those areas and inform decision-making processes related to urban planning, housing, and infrastructure development. To manage and understand the massive urban growth, related constraints and opportunities in African cities, digital mapping tools, such as BEAM are critical. Accurate and up-to-date data is essential to the improvement of public service delivery and enhanced government workflows. Effective urban mapping workflows are vital to streamlining urban service delivery and enabling data-based policies for urban governance and management. Overall, while ML technologies can provide valuable insights of informal settlements there are several challenges and also risks associated with its use. Addressing these will be crucial to ensure that the use of such tools is not only effective but also ethical. Therefore, efforts to map informal settlements must be sensitive to addressing the needs and rights of residents, while also providing decision-makers with information they need to make informed policy decisions. The success of such endeavors relies on ensuring that communities and civil society do benefit from these tools. To minimize potential risks, it is crucial to establish appropriate data policies that protect privacy and ensure responsible data use. By prioritizing the well-being of residents and implementing the right data policies as well as participatory approaches, we can effectively harness the potential of mapping technologies to create positive change. Previous Next

< Back Education in architecture, planning and design in Africa: Challenges and vision for more sustainable and resilient African cities Architectural education in Africa needs a shift. This involves integrating local social, cultural, and environmental considerations. The current Western-centric curricula are critiqued and a more holistic approach is advocated. Interviews with academics and researchers highlight the gap between traditional grid-pattern city planning and the actual needs of African communities. The importance of community engagement and understanding local contexts is stressed. Students are encouraged to explore African architectural heritage, engage with diverse perspectives, and adopt bottom-up approaches. This will help graduates build sustainable and resilient cities that address the unique challenges and opportunities in African urban environments. MARK OLWENY, Architect, Educator, Senior Lecturer in Architecture, School of Architecture and the Built Environment, University of Lincoln, Research Associate Professor, Faculty of the Built Environment, Uganda Martyrs University. Experienced Senior Architect with a demonstrated history of working in developing countries. Skilled in Environmental Design, Sustainable Architecture, Urban Design and Architectural Education. Strong administrator, Doctorate in Philosophy (PhD) focused in Architecture from Cardiff University / Prifysgol Caerdydd. I believe a new direction for architecture and planning education should begin with a more holistic approach Unfortunately, architectural and planning curricula on the continent are still largely based on the western approach. Thus, much of what is taught and what is considered important in the curricula comes from outside rather than within the continent. Moreover, if you look at some of the old schools that came into being around independence in Kenya, Ghana, Nigeria, and more recently in Zimbabwe, etc., their objectives have been to train people to produce buildings that celebrate the aspirations of these independent states. The result is seen in the architecture and layout of our cities where what is perceived to be a ‘good city’ is one that is planned in a grid pattern, with streets primarily for cars, which has absolutely nothing to do with how people actually use space in the African context. Consider the fact that most people don’t drive. For them, to get from A to B the distance should be as short as possible. I don’t need space for four or at times six cars, I need comfortable space for people to walk. So if we start thinking about people first, the way our spaces are designed and laid out will be very different. But a lot of the current approaches to architecture and planning are car oriented despite only 5% of people using cities actually drives. So once we adopt this idea of planning from a physical entity, we automatically exclude people. But when you look at it from a people’s perspective, one of the things you don’t do in planning is produce a map. In South Sudan, there have been a series of proposals for Juba that are in the shape of animals. Although these may seem appropriate on a plan, this ignores the reality that these are not visible or apparent for the users as people experience urban spaces when they are within them, and not from the sky. Some schools, and mainly the newer ones, manage to break away from this paradigm. But most of them still remain in this way of thinking where man is put aside in architectural and urban designs. This is also the case in private schools that do not find it lucrative to detach themselves from the classical teaching methods. Personally, I believe a new direction for architecture and planning education should begin with a more holistic approach, one that compels students to appreciate specific social, cultural and environmental issues. Here education could take a leaf from landscape architecture education. Landscape architecture education and the profession engage with social and cultural issues in ways that architecture and planning do not. Landscape architecture asks questions, like, what is the meaning of a place? Why do people do it this way? How can we make it work? Rather than saying, well, this looks horrible, let’s just tear it down or start from scratch. Juba city Southern Sudan, Photo source: Google earth “We need to adapt the teaching to the local context. It may not produce the high architecture that we see in the world, but it will meet the local needs..” I will focus on the case of Anglophone Africa, on architectural education specifically and address three aspects: how were the schools of architecture created, who teaches in them and what were their objectives? There are parallels with planning, which I will include when I can. As far as their creation is concerned, by far the majority of architecture schools came into existence just after independence (outside South Africa, these are Ahmadu Bello University, University of Nairobi and University of Khartoum). While the initial goal was to provide skilled labour to replace expatriate staff, the desire by the newly independent states to showcase their aspirations, and demonstrate their position internationally, it was not long before educational endeavours were steered toward fulfilling these objectives, geared toward national prestige through iconic - an ideological imperative. Now, for the teachers in these schools. Initially, it was necessary to rely on foreign staff, for a number of reasons, but primarily the schools were following an international curriculum that needed staff that could deliver it satisfactorily. These instructors largely came from Western Europe (generally former colonisers countries), as well as the Soviet Union, the United States and to a lesser extent India). . While this has served to allow the development of divergent currents of thought, there has been little in-depth interrogation of the appropriateness of these curricula and pedagogical approaches. The most obvious example I can cite here are many history and theory courses, which still rely heavily on a chronological approach heavily biased toward European architectural and planning endeavours. You have to ask yourself, is the knowledge content, and approaches to architecture and urbanism we teach fit for-purpose? and in many cases the answer is no. There is a need for us to scrutinise what we teach and how we teach it. What exactly are we doing? What is the purpose of architecture and planning education now? Do we want to produce replicas of cities and buildings in Europe and North America? Or do we want to help improve the conditions of people?The situation on the ground and the needs are completely different. We need to adapt the teaching to the local context. It may not produce the ‘high’ architecture, but it will meet the local needs. Uganda for example is a very hilly country. But many plans (both planning and architectural) ignore this fact. Why does this happen? In some aspects the training is not context specific; it seems to reinforce the notion that the site (and people) should adapt to suit the designs, and not the other way around. So we need to do better than that and think, how do we compel the next generation of urban planners and architects to be cognisant of and respond to the local situation, understanding that and work with it as a basis for developing appropriate spaces that work for people. When you look at, for example, the most common building typology in Uganda today, it is the same as that designed during colonial times for single men. These «boys’ quarters» because at that time in many parts of Africa, there was a need for workers, usually young men who came to town to work, and were granted temporary residency. To prevent them bringing their families, they were provided with minimal accommodation with small rooms that barely accommodated one person, with shared toilet facilities, and no kitchens... Now more than 60 years after independence, we still build the same way. So if after all these years and all the architects and urban planners trained, why is it that there has not been any change? I believe this is because as architects and planners we have failed to impact on the general population, and continue to train subsequent generations to ignore the needs of the majority. Uganda-Development Photo source: Wikimedio commons “Students are unfortunately taught to prepare to make the next tallest building, rather than getting them to understand the sense of the place…” The way architecture and urban planning training is delivered on the continent has indeed an impact on African cities. On the positive side it can create functional spaces where people have decent environments to live, work and recreate. But on the negative side, I think things are often done out of context. Take housing for example, this is often developed and planned in isolation of socio-economic realities, an approach that reduces the question of ‘low-income’ housing to the provision of the proverbial four walls and a roof. Consequently, we often see such housing developed far away from the centre of cities. These are a distance away from economic and employment opportunities - the reason people migrated to the cities’ areas in the first place. Oddly enough, this was a problem that was seen in the US, UK and Australia during the 1960s, so why are we building the same mistakes in 2020? We have to rethink our approach, taking note that some of what is still taught is obsolete, and in many cases was not actually based on the realities experienced within the context within which it is taught. Back to the housing question, the lack of housing and the burgeoning slums, squatter and informal settlements close to the city centres are a result of a larger question. It comes to human dignity and the value of humanity. By paying a salary that is barely enough to live on, workers are compelled to seek the most convenient accommodation as close to their place of work as is practically possible. No one wants to spend all their salary and time commuting. So as we can see, architecture and planning is not just about physical infrastructure, it is much wider. These are the links that are often not presented as part of the educational process, which often exists in silos. Many countries in Africa are characterized by their macrocephaly. In Uganda, for example, as soon as you leave Kampala, there is literally nothing going on in the small towns. Some time ago there was not even a supermarket outside Kampala. Everything happened in the capital. Now, with decentralization, things could be better, but it is important to provide the secondary towns and the countryside with adequate facilities and infrastructure to limit the pressure on the big urban centers and to strengthen the links between the cities and the countryside. Currently, getting a national identity card, or a driving licence requires a trip to the capital Kampala. This is not at all practical, neither is it contributing to the idea of decentralisation. Now, in terms of education, I prefer to use education, rather than training as I believe education is a core element of higher university education. While there are elements of training within architecture and planning education, it is important that students acknowledge that their role goes beyond merely fulfilling narrowly defined objectives of individual projects, to include an appreciation of the consequences of these actions. If you look at Zanzibar, the old city - Stone Town, is among the most visited places in Tanzania. This is not because it has new glass and steel clad buildings or wide multilane roads. It is because it is at a human scale in a number of ways. It is a pedestrian environment with narrow streets, but with spaces where people can sit and talk. The soul of the community keeps it alive. The street itself is a channel of information. And that information can travel long distances because every time you walk down the street, greet people, stop, talk to them they will tell you a story. So it’s strange that we assumed that cities should be so new and glitzy. And that’s what students are unfortunately taught, to prepare to make the next tallest building, rather than getting them to understand that the way people use spaces and how they engage with the environment, is what makes the difference. Photo by Javi Lorbada on Unsplash “Adapted curricula to build more inclusive, resilient and sustainable cities in Africa…” The starting point would be thinking about the people, their climatic, cultural, social context, etc. If you start from the climate for example, the solution in Botswana can certainly not be the same solution that you have in Uganda or, in South Sudan, because these are very different situations and climates. We teach students about what is happening in the rest of the world, but very little about what is happening in the local areas. There is limited literature on the architecture of African context, so we need to write and tell the stories of and from Africa, while criticizing the things that don’t work. We are often reluctant to criticize things, just because somebody put a lot of money into it, whether it works or not. Unless we start having deep, meaningful, frank discussions about our context, we’re going to continually go down a path that doesn’t help us to build sustainably and resiliently. When you look at many urban centers across much of sub-Saharan Africa, we find an informal sector that is actually larger than the formal sector. The people who work in this grey economy are rarely if ever included in design discourse, effectively marginalised from what is perceived to be a desired future. Without an appreciation of their needs, this marginalization is set to continue with these issues brought into the mainstream of teaching and practice. In the university I work with in Uganda, the Uganda Martyrs University, we are taking students out of the classroom, to talk to the communities. For example right now, a student is working to understand how people live and how they engage in their daily activities. This bottom up approach is critical in ensuring any proposals are embedded within the community, and not cosmetic. One of the things I think is also important is to take some of the architecture schools out of the major urban areas, figuratively and practically, to get a feel for the communities and their needs. When you look at the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology in Ghana, the Copperbelt University in Zambia, and the University of Science and Technology in Zimbabwe, these are all located in secondary cities, and where the first architecture schools in these three countries were situated. This deliberate move ensures that the link between education and the lived experiences of a large proportion of the population could be better addressed. This was also the rationale for the location of the architecture school at the Uganda Martyrs University at the university’s main campus at Nkozi.. This certainly has a big impact on the shape of the education and the students that go there. So, it’s about basic things like understanding what our needs are, beyond just shelter from the elements? How do we make our urban centers work better for people? How do we make them work better in the context? Should we continue building wider roads, yet the real need is for more and efficient public transport networks? Uganda Martyrs University “Make friends, talk to people who come from different backgrounds, who have different life experiences, and travel as much as possible…” I think the very first piece of advice I would give is to be open to learning. Be open to new ideas and to constantly question preconceived ideas you may have. Beyond that, you have to understand that whatever education you get, whether it’s architecture, landscape architecture, or urban planning, it’s only education to help you start your career, it’s not the end of your education, which should continue throughout your life. This is what differentiates training from education. I also believe that students should try as much as possible to draw on their own experiences, and understand that their experience is just an individual experience, in the midst of millions of other people’s experiences. To be able to design for other people, it is important to understand and appreciate why we do things a particular way, and that this is not how millions of other people do it (for a host of different reasons). Often, I think we approach things from the perspective that our experience is the only valid one, and presume other people’s experiences and views are equal to ours. This is a consequence of the socialization process of education. For many students their experiences are narrowly defined, limiting their exposure to the diversity of experiences of others. A poingient expression of this can be found in Musa Okwonga’s memoir, ‘One of Them’. The outcomes of educational systems that derive students from a narrow group of students cannot truly address the issues of broader society. Indeed even today, some schools of architecture have intakes comprising students from a handful of secondary schools, it would be impossible for this group of students to appreciate the value of different opinions as they have never really been exposed to difference. And so my advice in this context is to make friends outside of that very narrow circle. Talk to people who come from different backgrounds, who have different life experiences, if possible, travel as much as possible whether it’s inside or outside your region or country. Many students and even professionals do not know the richness of their own country in terms of architectural and urban heritage. Knowing one’s history, heritage and environment can contribute to a better understanding of place, and space. We had great cities in Africa 300 or 400 years ago. You have Benin City in Nigeria, you have Congo City in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo. We have Great Zimbabwe, and Bigo in Uganda ... so there are great cities that exist that we don’t hear about. Taking an interest in and learning about these early endeavours would greatly contribute to design explorations, not only in terms of form and materials, but also in terms of our ideation. Those are the key lessons I would like some people to understand. A drawing by a British officer representing the city of Benin before its destruction by the British army in 1897, wikimedia PHILIPPA NYAKATO TUMUBWEINEE, Architects; Senior lecturer and Head of School at Architecture Planning and Geomatics, University of Cape Town. She was awarded her PhD at the School of Higher Education Studies, University of the Free State. Tumubweinee’s commitment to architectural education has developed through her involvement as an external examiner for MProf and BHons students in Architecture at the University of Pretoria and Namibia University of Science and Technology “School of Architecture, Planning and Geomatics” The current School of Architecture, Planning and Geomatics (APG) at University of Cape Town (UCT) is the result of two mergers. The first merger took place in 1985 between the then School of Architecture and the Department of City and Regional Planning, and the second merger took place in 2002 between the School of Architecture and Planning and the Department of Geomatics. The School’s primary purpose is to produce professionals who can deal competently and creatively with the development and conservation of the built and natural environment by imagining alternative, more just and inclusive urban futures. The School of Architecture, Planning and Geomatics (APG) has a current enrolment of 667 students, 227 are registered for postgraduate degrees; of these 22 students are registered for PhDs. APG offers programmes which lead to the following qualifications: Bachelor of Architectural Studies (BAS); Bachelor of Science in Geomatics; Bachelor of Architectural Studies (Honours); Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Geographical Information Systems; Bachelor of City Planning (Honours); Bachelor of Landscape Architecture (Honours); Master of Architecture (Professional); Master of City and Regional Planning; Master of Landscape Architecture; Master of Urban Design; Master of Philosophy (MPhil) in Conservation of the Built Environment; Master of Philosophy (MPhil) in Southern Urbanism; and Opportunities to study for research-based MPhils and Doctor of Philosophy degrees. APG is located within the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment (EBE). Professor Alison Lewis (from the Department of Chemical Engineering) was elected as the Dean of the Faculty in 2015, and she remains in the position. All Departments and Schools within EBE offer degrees accredited by professional councils/ institutes. Processes of accreditation are recognised and supported in the Faculty and the University. EBE comprises five Departments (Construction Economics and Management; Civil Engineering; Chemical Engineering; Mechanical Engineering; and Electrical Engineering) and one School (the School of Architecture, Planning and Geomatics). In accordance with 2021 data, EBE has an enrolment of 4,452 students, of whom 1,116 are registered for postgraduate qualifications and 262 are PhD students. EBE comprises 429 academic staff and 173 professional, administrative and support staff. The Faculty has 20 active research groups, 7 SARChI chairs, 58 NRF rated staff and R220 million in research income. The undergraduate Bachelor of Architectural Studies (BAS) Programme within the School of Architecture, Planning and Geomatics (APG) provides a foundational design-oriented education from which streaming can occur into a range of postgraduate degree programmes, including the Bachelor of Architectural Studies (Honours), the Bachelor of City Planning (Honours) (linked to the Masters of City and Regional Planning) and the Bachelor of Landscape Architecture (Honours) (linked to the Masters of Landscape Architecture). These Honours level qualifications allow students to apply for the one-year Master of Urban Design (MUD) degree, a one-year MPhil specialising in the Conservation of the Built Environment and a research-based MPhil. APG also offers opportunities to register for a PhD. Furthermore, the African Centre for Cities (ACC) facilitates a coursework and dissertation MPhil on Southern Urbanism and some of these students take electives in the Planning Honours Programme. A planning stream was introduced into the undergraduate Geomatics Programme cluster in 2004. Several degree programmes in the School are recognised by professional Councils. The Masters of Architecture (Prof) degree is recognised by the South African Council for the Architectural Profession (SACAP). In addition to SACPLAN accreditation, the Planning Programme is accredited by the Royal Town Planning Institute (RTPI) ( http://www.rtpi.org.uk/ ). The combined Bachelor of Landscape Architecture (Honours) and Masters of Landscape Architecture Programme is accredited by the South African Council for the Landscape Architectural Profession (SACLAP). The MPhils are non-professional and non-accredited research degrees. “The way we educate our urban professionals on the wider continent and in South Africa is being challenged” This is not because what we teach is not good, it is because it has become increasingly difficult, within a set and structured curriculum, to address the constantly shifting dynamic nature of the urban environments we live in. Within this changing context we, as urban professionals, find ourselves confronted with how to advance appropriate theories and practices to develop a holistic understanding of the urban environment across multiple and growing disciplines and interests. This difficulty is evident in the schism between what is needed and what is done. It translates as a break between how we as academic institutions develop and train the next generation of urban professionals and the realities of the multiplicity of fundamental tools and tactics that are required to develop and implement policies and governance systems that effectively deliver for people. In part the schism stems from theories and practices that are borrowed from other times, other places and other cultures. As institutions we repackage and retrofit these theories and practices without always addressing the underlying complexities of our urban complexities and place-based realties. This calls for a “rogue” approach in the way that we train urban professionals who can contribute meaningfully in African urban environments and respond to, address and embrace a continually shifting context. This approach to training urban professionals could develop a form of urbanism that consolidates political, social, cultural and economic capital with the natural & built environment in order to bring together a conceptualisation of place and people as part of a complex world. “Rather than provide a clear ‘vision of African cities of tomorrow’, it is vital that academic institutions together with other urban professionals and civil society collectively experiment and speculate as to what an African city should look like…” The African urban terrain is complex, and because it is complex questions of sustainability, resilience, and technological development in any African city can only be speculative. This provides fertile ground from which urban professionals, and the institutions in which they are trained, can explore and experiment with alternate realities and solutions to address a variety of underlying concerns. These include climate change and resilience, significant socio-spatial inequality and poverty (tied often to colonial spatial planning), and a significant demographic youth bulge in African cities. Rather than provide a clear ‘vision’, it is vital that academic institutions together with other urban professionals and civil society collectively experiment and speculate as to what an African city should look like. For if we cannot creatively conceive of it within the specificities and peculiarities of our context, we cannot build it. In APG we aim to develop urban professionals across all programmes who can radically reshape the urban environment at all levels. This extends to, but is not limited to: 1) how we can creatively plan, design and develop our cities, towns and their neighbourhoods; 2) how we can creatively integrate combined thinking across the broadest range of disciplines involved in the urban environment – physical, socio-cultural, economic, public health, food, governance etc; 3) how can we creatively lead and manage policies and planning in the system at all levels of civil society and government. MANLIO MICHIELETTO, Dean of the School of Architecture and Built Environment (SABE) at the College of Science and Technology (CST) University of Rwanda (UR ). Manlio Michieletto is an Italian Architect graduated in 2007 from the IUAV University of Venice,and earned a PhD in Architectural Composition in 2010 from the IUAV School of Doctorate. After different academic and professional experiences in Europe (Italy and Germany) and Africa (Burkina Faso andD. R. Congo), he has since 2016 became the dean of SABE. “School of Architecture and Built Environment (SABE)..” The School of Architecture and Built Environment (SABE) started in 2009 as a faculty of architecture in the former Kigali Institute of Technology. In 2014, the government decided to unify all scattered institutes in one unique public university that is called University of Rwanda, and the Faculty of architecture became the School of Architecture and Built Environment. SABE is one of the five schools comprising the College of Science and Technology that is one of the nine colleges of the University of Rwanda. SABE is in a very inspiring compound designed by the French architect Patrick Schweitzer and our students have the opportunity to be trained in this amazing architectural artifact. The building’s aim is to be intended as an open book for students through the utilisation of different materials, construction techniques, details etc. Furthermore, it’s a passive building with no use of mechanical installation. SABE has around 1000 students and four departments (Department of Architecture, Department of construction management, Department of estate management and valuation, and the Department of geography and urban planning). These are for undergraduate programs, but we also have a post graduate program in MSc IN GEO-INFORMATION SCIENCE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT and we are working with partners from Europe to set up a master in architecture that will start in 2023. These programs are supervised by around 40 staff members, including junior staff, senior staff, Professor, associate professor, senior lecturer, lecturer, assistant lecturer and tutorial assistant. School of Architecture and Built Environment, Photo source SABE “We have to significantly improve the offer in terms of education to give to young people the chance to study and be actors of changes in their communities and countries…” I do think the way education in architecture and planning is made have an impact on african cities now and in the future. However, to have a positive impact, it is fundamental to establish more schools or faculties of architecture and urban studies in Africa. We can not have or continue to have countries with just one Institute or School of Architecture, urban planning, etc. To meet African cities’ challenges and turn them into opportunities, we must increase the education offered in Architecture, urban planning, and other urban studies not just in quantity, but also in quality. So, when we talk about the impact, we have first to significantly improve the offer in terms of education to give to young people the chance to study and be actors of changes in their communities and countries. African cities are a bit wider as a concept, so we cannot compare Ouagadougou with Lagos or Lome with Kinshasa, etc. I think for training in architecture in Africa, the undergraduate students have to be trained as any other students over the world, then, specialize themself through for example, postgraduate programs on the local context. At SABE, we try to introduce in the existing curricula the analysis and the study of the local context, to train students able -after an undergraduate degree, to appropriately manage a project in the local context. African cities are very different in shape, in size, etc. So, African students have to learn critical methods that enable them to have a holistic overview of the context. They have to be able to build a critical point of view, train their eyes to understand the context, identify problems and find the appropriate solutions. “At SABE there is a constant relationship between teaching activities and local context…” Lectures are normally based on tropical architecture and urban design, that means the architecture adapted to the local environment and context. We also teach students history of architecture and theory of architecture including the relationship between the city, and the built environment. So students move from universal theories of architecture and urban planning to theories of African cities, from tropical villages to African architecture. We also use resources to equip our students with theoretical and practical knowledge like books on African cities, UN-Habitat rules and principles, and the Green Council buildings rules that the Rwandan government established for the construction of green buildings in Rwanda. So, for us at SABE there is a constant relationship between teaching activities and local context. For example, in the Department of Geography, urban planning, students always have practical workshops on the local context, with the local community involved, population, local stakeholders etc. We also have summer workshops that are targeting real issues or challenges in kigali to not only have students adapted to the local context, but also to the local market. Furthermore, during their training, our students have to do professional internships for the fourth and fifth year. All these help them to be adapted to market needs. We have been asked by our university to move to a problem based learning teaching system, which means that all our modules, especially for assessment and final examination, have to be based on problem based learning or a challenge driven education. So we have the theoretical part of the module, and then a practical one based on a real problem that students may identify in their context. The students work in groups to propose a solution to a real problem, starting from problem identification to an adapted solution. “I see the future of African cities in the past…” First of all, we have to be conscious of our past. The African city is rich in history and heritage that have shaped its evolution over time. This ancestral African city has always been smart and sustainable. It is therefore important to go back to this history and heritage to build the African city and not to import models from elsewhere. The second important thing in this context of rapid growth and urbanization is to train local actors who understand the context. It is a question of training city actors (architects, urban planners, designers, etc.) at the local level with local knowledge and know-how because they know their history, they have grown up in these cities and are the best able to understand the problems and to provide solutions. Another fundamental aspect to take into account for the African sustainable city is the political will. We can see that the great cities throughout the world were mostly built by political vision. Therefore, in Africa, it is important that the leaders draw a shared vision of the sustainable city and take the necessary means to achieve the objectives of the sustainable city. “Be committed and passionate about what they are doing…” My advice for young students is to really be committed and passionate about what they are doing, because it is the only way to achieve good results, in all aspects of their life. MOUSSA DEMBELE, Malian Architect graduated in architecture from Xinghua University in China. He worked as an architect for 4 years in Singapore, then obtained his doctorate from the Kyoto Institute of Technology in Japan. After teaching for several years in Japan and China, he opened an architectural office in Mali before being appointed in 2015 as the General Manager of EAMAU. “Tell us about the African School of Architecture and Urbanism…” The African School of Architecture and Urban Planning (EAMAU) is an inter-state institution that brings together 8 countries of the UEMOA (Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo) and the 6 countries of the CEMAC (Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Chad). It was created under the will of the heads of state in order to train young people to face the urbanization of African cities in 1975. In view of the challenges facing African cities in terms of urbanization, it can be said that this vision of member states through EAMAU is more than salutary in order to meet the challenges posed by the rapid urban growth of the continent by training local actors on urban issues. To this end, EAMAU trains architects, urban planners, and urban managers through Bachelor’s, Master’s, and Doctoral training cycles. The training courses are both theoretical and practical and lead the learners to the professional-grade after 5 years of study. The training method equips them with tools that enable them to practice the profession in an operational manner in different African countries, particularly with field training courses throughout the training program. African School of Architecture and Urbanism, Photo by G2L-PHOTOGRAPHY “It is crucial to train professionals capable of facing the challenges of the continent in terms of urban development…” With more than 1400 high-level graduates, who continue to shape the political, economic, and cultural landscape in African countries, EAMAU is an institution that is constantly adapting to best meet the challenges of the continent. Indeed, we have moved from the great canons of education in architecture and urban planning to the Bachelor’s Degree Master’s Doctorate (LMD) system in 2010. In addition, the diplomas of EAMAU have been accredited by the African and Malagasy Council for Education (CAMES), and our institution has been for the occasion retained as a reference school for the training of architects and urbanists. It is, therefore, necessary to adapt constantly to produce professionals capable of facing the challenges of the continent in terms of urban development. As we can see, the continent is experiencing rapid urban growth, and many factors are influencing this growth, so it must be directed and controlled so that cities are spaces of well-being, inclusion, social peace, economic prosperity, and offer a healthy and preserved living environment. This is why we put a particular emphasis on providing our learners with key and contextual tools through our training to achieve these objectives. “Train professionals able to respond to global issues…” EAMAU today has a scope that extends beyond the member countries by training actors from the whole continent and the rest of the world. This is how we keep an open mind on the world, by adapting and innovating, to train professionals able to respond to global issues related to digital development, climate issues, environmental protection, etc. However, we make it a point to ensure that our students have this understanding, the very expression and specificity of Africa in the training. It is in this context that our students do fieldwork each year to diagnose problems in African cities, and these problems are transcribed into concrete and local solutions through projects. Thus, the projects proposed by the students are the result of a concrete and pragmatic approach to research in order to respond specifically to the challenges of African cities. The teaching methods within our institution converge towards excellence through the international character of the students, the transversality of the teachings, and the projects that are developed by the learners. This is so that the school is at the service of the States for the development of our countries. It is in this context that we develop training that can lead to projects that will allow States to modernize their development and economic take-off. We have introduced in this context a very important phase which is research. Today no institution, no field can develop without research and in our context this research component allows us to address in-depth the issue of African architectural and urban heritage. Africa is endowed with an immense heritage that can be considered open-air museums. The question is what can we draw from this heritage to build more sustainable and resilient cities? It is with a view to answering these questions that we are developing the research aspect in order to effectively produce reflections that contribute to setting up human settlements adapted to the African context. For the history of cities and civilizations millennia African abounds in examples in terms of sustainability, and resilience through the use of local materials, functional organization of spaces, waste management, environmental preservation, etc. The approach here is through research to draw from this rich heritage to develop modern solutions adapted to the social, cultural, economic, and geographical context of our cities. “Students and young professionals across the continent have the mission of build more sustainable and resilient cities in Africa…” We think that the objective for graduates should not only be to work in architecture or urban planning agencies, but to get involved in the high levels of administration, banking institutions, international organizations because they have the resources to do so. It is for them to be a force of proposal, not to evolve in a vacuum, to inform themselves, to travel to build more sustainable and resilient cities in Africa. Previous Next

Financement, Foncier et Fiscalité sont pour lui au cœur de la production de logement au Cameroun < Back Les enjeux de la promotion immobilière au Cameroun M. MOUNGANG Blaise M. MOUNGANG Blaise, promoteur immobilier et Président de l'Association des Promoteurs Immobiliers du Cameroun, nous parle de l'état actuel de la promotion immobilière au Cameroun. Financement, Foncier et Fiscalité sont pour lui au cœur de la production de logement.

Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia and the diplomatic centre of Africa, embodies a 130 years of development history that contributes to its current socio-spatial features. African Union Headquarters, Addis Ababa grew from a settlement of an estimated 15,000 people in 1888 to more than 3.6 million in 2020. According to the Central Statistical Agency, the population is estimated to surpass 5 million in 2036. Public transportation is through public buses or blue and white share taxis, locally known as "blue donkeys". The taxis are usually minibuses that can sit at least twelve people. This photo series presents some shots of the city center of this magnificent capital of East Africa with images of the city center in full transformation, modern architecture, public and green spaces in an urban atmosphere mixing street shops, shoe shiners stroller shoes, etc. Addis Ababa-Ethiopia Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia and the diplomatic centre of Africa, embodies a 130 years of development history that contributes to its current socio-spatial features. African Union Headquarters, Addis Ababa grew from a settlement of an estimated 15,000 people in 1888 to more than 3.6 million in 2020. According to the Central Statistical Agency, the population is estimated to surpass 5 million in 2036. Public transportation is through public buses or blue and white share taxis, locally known as "blue donkeys". The taxis are usually minibuses that can sit at least twelve people. This photo series presents some shots of the city center of this magnificent capital of East Africa with images of the city center in full transformation, modern architecture, public and green spaces in an urban atmosphere mixing street shops, shoe shiners stroller shoes, etc.

< Back Urbanisme tactique : les artefacts urbains comme vecteur de mobilité durable pour une meilleure qualité de l’air dans la ville de Yaoundé Cedrix and Christolle Tsambang Les artefacts urbains, inspirés des symboles locaux et fabriqués en bambou, offrent une alternative durable, abordable et écologique pour un cadre de vie plus sain. Conçus pour encourager la marche et l'utilisation des transports en commun, ces installations éphémères s'intègrent harmonieusement dans l'espace urbain. La fermeture temporaire d'une voie de l'avenue Kennedy a incité les habitants à adopter des modes de déplacement doux, réduisant ainsi les émissions polluantes. Cette démarche souligne l'importance de repenser l'aménagement urbain pour favoriser la mobilité durable et préserver la qualité de l'air. En impliquant les artisans locaux et en utilisant des matériaux biosourcés, cette initiative contribue également au développement économique et à la protection de l'environnement. L'expérience de l'avenue Kennedy démontre le potentiel des équipements urbains pour dynamiser les espaces publics et créer des villes africaines durables et attrayantes. Une meilleure qualité de vie dans les villes africaines passe par la création d’un cadre de vie plus sain en repensant les pratiques notamment en matière de mobilité urbaine. C’est dans cette optique que s’inscrit les artefacts urbains développés par chorus architecture le long de l’avenue Kennedy de Yaoundé au Cameroun à l’occasion de la semaine de la qualité de l’air. Il s’agit d’une scénographie inspirée de symboles locaux obtenus par une combinaison contemporaine de lignes ou de faces en tiges de bambou. Le bambou plébiscité pour ses propriétés et son attrait dans la mutation vers une architecture durable se présente ici comme une alternative verte, accessible, disponible et abordable. Plus que de simples mobiliers urbains, les installations éphémères conçues sont le reflet du lieu. Vue sur l'avenue kennedy réamenagé, 2021, alaray studio Les artefacts urbains ont été conçu pour la mise en place d’une Opération d’urbanisme tactique qui entre dans le cadre de la réalisation des actions à court terme du projet de mise en place des outils de lutte contre la pollution atmosphérique dans la ville de Yaoundé. Au cœur de l’enjeu de transition écologique, la qualité de l’air apparaît comme un sujet très important pour la protection environnementale. Mettre sur pied une politique en faveur de la protection de la qualité de l’air doit s’inscrire dans une dynamique globale et nécessite des actions ambitieuses à toutes les échelles, afin de garantir à chacun le droit de respirer un air qui ne nuise pas à sa santé. Le concept de mobilité durable comprend une réflexion sur l’environnement et les problématiques de développement durable en repensant l’aménagement du territoire et de l’espace urbain. Il s’agit de limiter l’empreinte carbone et de réduire les inégalités territoriales dans les zones mal desservies par les transports, en mettant en place des solutions qui favorisent le recours aux mobilités douces. Le dispositif de lutte contre la pollution de l’air dans ce projet s’organise autour de la réduction des émissions atmosphériques causé principalement par le trafic routier, source importante d’émissions d’oxyde d’azote. L’augmentation de l’utilisation des transports en commun engendre un désengorgement sur les routes et réduit donc les substances polluantes dans l’air. Dans le centre-ville de Yaoundé les principaux transports en communs sont les taxis et les bus. Encourager à la marche serait également moyen d’améliorer la qualité de l’air tout en étant un excellent moyen de se maintenir en forme, de s’évader du quotidien tout en respectant l’environnement. Le choix du site n’est pas anodin, l’avenue Kennedy lieu mythique de la capitale est situé en plein cœur de Yaoundé et est un endroit très indiqué pour un projet de sensibilisation car toutes les couches sociales s’y côtoient. L’objectif des artefacts urbains est de contribuer à aménager des espaces urbains favorables à la mobilité douce tout en mesurant grâce à des capteurs la qualité de l’air. Il était donc question de fermer l’accès aux véhicules sur une des voies de l’avenue Kennedy pendant deux semaines afin d’inciter les habitants de la ville à plus de marche à pied et l’utilisation des transports en communs. Afin de favoriser une marche agréable et effective sur une avenue de plusieurs kilomètres tel que celle de l’avenue Kennedy il est important de créer des zones de rupture, de pause : créer des obstacles tels que des mobiliers urbains utiles afin d’agrémenter la marche et la rendre dynamique. Le mobilier urbain est donc tout à la fois porteur d’une approche fonctionnaliste et le vecteur d’une identité du projet. Le mobilier de l’espace public fait d’ailleurs aujourd’hui l’objet d’attentes qualitatives fortes en tant que véritable outil d’aménagement urbain. Il existe dans la définition même du terme « mobilier urbain » la volonté d’harmonisation, d’homogénéisation et d’appartenance : des objets rendant service, venant faciliter et embellir la vie des citoyens d’une ville. Pourtant, il semble que le mobilier urbain lorsqu’il existe est trop souvent le produit d’usages spécifiques très déterminés, qui ne laisse pas suffisamment place à des questions plus larges sur la nature de ces usages mêmes. Chorus architecture a donc designer des artefacts en guise de mobiliers urbains afin de susciter de l’interrogation, de la surprise et de la curiosité pour expérimenter de nouvelles pratiques et mettre sur pied de nouveaux concepts en amenant à remettre en question notre compréhension de la réalité afin de réintroduire l’humain dans l’urbain. Conçus et fabriqués localement avec des matériaux biosourcés de ces artefacts urbains ont permis de développer et mettre en avant le savoir-faire local en intégrant différents types d’artisans, créer des emplois tout en participant à la protection de l’environnement. En optant pour du mobilier en bambou, les artefacts concilient élégance, originalité et engagement contre la déforestation dans une perspective de développement durable. Vue sur une partie de la scénographie, 2021, alaray studio Grace aux capteurs installés dans la zone, il a été clairement démontré que la qualité de l’air à considérablement été améliorer durant ces deux semaines d’études. Ceci permet de constater l’impact sur la circulation automobile dans la ville et révéler l’importance et surtout l’efficacité des aménagements effectués. L’attrait généré par l’installation de ces équipements urbains démontre de la nécessité de réinventer nos villes en mettant un accent sur la conception de détails dans les espaces publics. De plus, des équipements urbains comme ceux-là constituent une plus-value notable pour les municipalités, et ce, quelle que soit leur taille ou leur importance. Si certains éléments présentent un aspect pratique, comme ces mobiliers urbains, de nombreux autres aménagements peuvent permettre de dynamiser la vie communale. Penser des villes africaines durables passent également par la re conception des espaces publics en mettant un accent sur l’intégration des éléments qui interpellent et qui communiquent. Cette expérience à l’avenue permet de constater qu’il est possible d’utiliser le savoir-faire local ainsi que les matériaux locaux pour créer des mobiliers urbains intéressant et respectueux de l’environnement. Previous Next

< Back La géopolitique de la gouvernance urbaine – une approche innovante pour coproduire des connaissances Sina Schlimmer L'Institut français des relations internationales (Ifri) lance un programme de recherche intitulé « Gouverner la transition urbaine en Afrique » pour aborder la compétition géopolitique croissante autour des infrastructures urbaines et les approches de gouvernance innovantes pour les villes de taille moyenne en Afrique. Ce programme vise à créer des connaissances sur la gouvernance urbaine en développant des approches qui lient recherche, utilité sociale et action concrète. Lancé en 2022, il se concentrera sur des études continentales, régionales, nationales et de quartiers, abordant trois domaines clés interconnectés de la gouvernance urbaine : le foncier, la mobilité et les infrastructures. Le programme traitera également des besoins en matière de financement des infrastructures, des questions foncières et de mobilité à travers des études de cas issues de capitales et de villes de taille moyenne en Côte d'Ivoire, au Kenya, au Nigeria, au Sénégal et en Tanzanie. Il vise aussi à briser les frontières de la connaissance entre le « Sud global » et le « Nord global » en intégrant les perspectives des acteurs de différents secteurs professionnels liés à la gouvernance urbaine dans la conception de la recherche. Le nombre d'initiatives de recherche sur les villes africaines et sur la manière de réguler leur croissance ne cesse de croître. De nombreux acteurs contribuent à la gouvernance urbaine et beaucoup mènent leurs propres collectes de données et produisent des résultats de recherche. Cependant, les canaux et les interactions entre ces organisations et experts restent souvent limités et sous-exploités. Ce programme de recherche, lancé par l'Ifri en mai 2022, a pour objectif de fournir une plateforme permettant à ces acteurs de se rencontrer, de partager leur expertise et de coproduire des connaissances dans trois domaines clés interconnectés de la gouvernance urbaine : le foncier, la mobilité et les infrastructures. Le programme repose sur un consortium multipartite dont les membres sont des chercheurs, des décideurs locaux et nationaux, des organisations de la société civile et des fondations, des agences de développement, des organisations internationales, des corps professionnels et des acteurs du secteur privé, tous directement impliqués dans différents secteurs et activités liés à la gouvernance urbaine. Les réflexions transversales, les ateliers de recherche, les publications et des événements plus classiques, comme des webinaires et des conférences organisés dans des villes européennes et africaines, seront les principaux composants du programme. Les activités de la première année se concentreront sur les politiques de gouvernance urbaine, la concurrence géopolitique croissante autour des infrastructures urbaines et les approches de gouvernance innovantes pour les villes de taille moyenne. Au cours de la dernière décennie, la croissance urbaine en Afrique a suscité une grande attention de la communauté internationale. Plus particulièrement, depuis que l'objectif de créer des villes inclusives et durables a été inclus dans la liste des 17 Objectifs de développement durable en 2015, divers acteurs de différents secteurs (privé, agences de donateurs bilatéraux et multilatéraux, société civile et mouvements de base, municipalités, gouvernements nationaux, etc.) et à différents niveaux (local, national et international) ont développé des programmes, lancé des initiatives et construit leurs agendas autour des dynamiques d'urbanisation sur le continent. Des programmes de politiques, des projets de développement, des initiatives de diplomatie municipale, mais aussi des modèles d'investissement et de financement – tous visant à contribuer au développement urbain du continent – ont été conçus et mis en œuvre par de nombreux types d'acteurs et d'institutions. Ensemble, ils forment un réseau dense et multi-échelle d'acteurs, d'initiatives, de relations et de compétitions qui constituent et caractérisent la gouvernance urbaine (Förster, Amman, 2018; Bekker, Fourchard, 2013, Myers, 2011). ] Les initiatives de recherche traitant de la transformation des villes africaines augmentent également, mais ne sont pas récentes. Des chercheurs issus de multiples disciplines – en particulier dans les universités occidentales – produisent des connaissances, notamment depuis les années 1950. Ce corpus comprend de nombreux débats sur la nature, les acteurs et, dans une certaine mesure, la politique de la gouvernance urbaine (voir un aperçu de la littérature dans Schlimmer, 2022). Mais la production de connaissances sur les villes africaines et la gouvernance urbaine n'est pas un domaine exclusif des salles de séminaires et des revues académiques : des agences de développement, des organisations de la société civile spécialisées, des réseaux internationaux (UCGL, FMDV, etc.) et des corps professionnels ont produit des rapports contenant des informations empiriques précieuses, basées sur des collectes de données quantitatives et qualitatives ou des restitutions d’événements. En résumé : autant les acteurs impliqués dans la gouvernance des villes africaines sont nombreux, autant les initiatives de recherche créent de la sensibilisation et des données. Dans ce contexte de débats vifs et d'expertise croissante, deux grands problèmes se posent : le premier est la communication limitée et la collaboration restreinte entre les membres de cette communauté de recherche et de gouvernance urbaine. Chaque institution étant absorbée par ses propres agendas, objectifs et centres d'intérêt, il peut être difficile d'identifier des initiatives de recherche similaires menées par d'autres organisations. Deuxièmement, il est de notoriété commune qu’après leur publication, certaines données et rapports restent inexploités tandis que de nouveaux projets et initiatives de recherche sont déjà en préparation. En lien avec ce problème, certaines institutions réfléchissent à la manière d’améliorer la promotion et l’élargissement de la diffusion de leurs produits de recherche. Le programme de recherche sur « Gouverner la transition urbaine en Afrique » coordonné par l'Institut français des relations internationales (Ifri) vise à créer des connaissances sur la gouvernance urbaine en développant des approches pour aborder ces questions, qui concernent le lien entre la recherche, son utilité sociale et l’action concrète. L'architecture même du programme reflète cette approche de recherche orientée vers la résolution de problèmes : elle repose sur l’objectif de coproduire des connaissances avec différents acteurs clés impliqués dans la gouvernance urbaine, tant à l’international, qu’au niveau bilatéral et national. À partir de 2022, le projet se concentrera sur des études continentales, régionales, nationales (Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya, Nigeria, Sénégal et Tanzanie) et locales portant sur trois domaines interconnectés de la gouvernance urbaine : le foncier, la mobilité et les infrastructures. L’un des principaux sujets de la première année est l’accent croissant mis par les gouvernements, la communauté internationale, mais aussi les entreprises, sur la promotion des villes de taille moyenne et des nouvelles villes. Les publications porteront, par exemple, sur les enseignements tirés du projet de « nouvelle ville » à Diamniadio. Initialement annoncé comme une initiative pour décongestionner la capitale sénégalaise Dakar, des rapports et discours sur son caractère de ville fantôme et la viabilité limitée des créations urbaines ex nihilo se multiplient. Une autre recherche porte sur les villes de taille moyenne au Nigeria, où la recherche sur les politiques urbaines s’est largement concentrée sur la croissance exponentielle de la mégapole Lagos. Les résultats de cette recherche seront présentés et discutés lors de webinaires impliquant des décideurs et des experts des pays concernés. Le centre Afrique subsaharienne de l'Ifri organise un programme de recherche sur les grands défis des transitions urbaines en Afrique (2022-2024). Il a mis en place un consortium composé d'experts d'organisations internationales, des pays cibles de l'étude, ainsi que de la France et de l'Allemagne (et le réseau est encore en expansion), qui couvrent les domaines professionnels suivants : organisations internationales multilatérales et clés dans le domaine de la gouvernance urbaine en Afrique, agences de développement bilatérales, institutions académiques, secteur privé/entreprises impliquées dans le développement des infrastructures urbaines, maires, corps professionnels (par exemple dans les domaines du foncier et de l’urbanisme), ainsi que des fondations et des organisations de la société civile. Avant la création du consortium, une phase de consultation d'un an avec des parties prenantes basées en France, en Allemagne et au Kenya a permis de rencontrer et de discuter avec des chercheurs, des experts et des représentants de différentes institutions afin de comprendre leurs approches et définitions de la gouvernance urbaine, d’en apprendre davantage sur leurs activités et d’identifier leurs besoins en termes de production et de diffusion de connaissances de leurs propres initiatives de recherche. Sur la base de ces entretiens et de ces sessions de travail avec les membres du consortium, une carte des initiatives et données existantes a été créée, des idées pour accroître leur impact et étendre leur portée ont été développées, et un pool de domaines de recherche qui restent à aborder a été établi. Il est nécessaire de mieux comprendre les questions foncières, le financement des infrastructures et la mobilité, que ce programme abordera à travers des études de cas portant sur des capitales et des villes de taille moyenne en Côte d'Ivoire, au Kenya, au Nigeria, au Sénégal et en Tanzanie. La coproduction de connaissances est le concept clé de ce consortium. Elle sera mise en œuvre à travers différentes méthodes de collecte de données, d'analyse et de diffusion de la recherche. “Ateliers multi-acteurs sur différents aspects de la gouvernance urbaine” En plus des webinaires classiques et d'une conférence annuelle organisée à tour de rôle dans une ville européenne et une ville africaine, les ateliers seront des moments clés pour coproduire, partager et échanger. Les partenaires du consortium se réuniront pour discuter de sujets sélectionnés. Durant la première année du programme, les événements porteront sur le financement durable des projets de « nouvelles villes ». Basé sur l’expérience de l’Ifri en tant que think tank leader sur les relations internationales, l’événement abordera la question du financement des infrastructures urbaines en tant que terrain fertile pour la concurrence géopolitique, à mesure que le nombre de partenariats public-privé (PPP) et d’accords de financement entre les gouvernements africains et des partenaires « traditionnels » et « nouveaux » (par exemple, la Turquie, les États du Golfe, la Chine) augmente. Un autre webinaire abordera différentes approches de la gouvernance urbaine dans les villes de taille moyenne, y compris la coopération décentralisée et la diplomatie des villes. Lors de ces événements, les participants partageront leurs expériences professionnelles quotidiennes en les confrontant aux perspectives et analyses d’experts et de chercheurs. Inversement, les chercheurs et experts auront l’occasion de se rapprocher des professionnels, praticiens et décideurs impliqués dans les secteurs foncier, de la mobilité et des infrastructures de la gouvernance urbaine. L'objectif est de créer un environnement d'apprentissage constructif, où tous les participants cherchent à dépasser les frontières institutionnelles et les cloisonnements thématiques. Briser les frontières de la connaissance entre le « Sud global » et le « Nord global » L’une des principales observations de la recherche sur les villes africaines est que les outils de gouvernance et de planification, les normes et les modèles sont largement inspirés d’approches occidentales, dont certaines se sont révélées incompatibles avec les réalités de la vie urbaine sur le terrain (Lindell, 2008). Le pool de chercheurs et d’experts impliqués dans le programme a travaillé dans des institutions internationales, africaines et européennes et acquis de l’expérience dans la création de villes dans différents contextes. Ils contribueront aux discussions transversales et déconstruiront les approches dominantes. Les articles comparatifs et coécrits confrontant des études de cas et croisant des approches disciplinaires sont encouragés. Les produits de recherche se concentreront sur différentes échelles d'analyse allant du niveau continental au niveau local. “Un réseau croissant de chercheurs, d'experts et de professionnels” Le consortium et les événements qui seront organisés sont conçus comme une plateforme d'échange, d'apprentissage et de mise en réseau. Le réseau se développera au fil du temps en incluant davantage d'institutions, d'experts et en particulier de jeunes chercheurs intéressés par une recherche novatrice axée sur les politiques et les actions en matière de gouvernance urbaine. Les praticiens de différents secteurs urbains soulignent parfois les impacts limités, directs et mesurables, de la recherche sur les projets urbains et les communautés cibles. Bien que ce programme de recherche n’ait pas pour objectif de formuler des solutions fixes et compactes pour la gouvernance urbaine, sa fondation sur un consortium multi-acteurs facilitera l'accessibilité et la compréhension des résultats de la recherche par un public non académique et orienté vers l'action, augmentant ainsi sa signification. Notre approche de coproduction aidera à inclure les perspectives des parties prenantes de différents domaines professionnels liés à la gouvernance urbaine dans la conception de la recherche. Les perspectives et connaissances créées se diffuseront à travers les activités et approches du programme : Événements de restitution : La plupart des études publiées (formats longs et courts), publiées en anglais et en français, seront présentées par leurs auteurs lors de cycles de webinaires et/ou lors de la conférence annuelle ouverte au grand public. La première conférence annuelle est prévue à Dakar en 2023 et réunira des experts et de jeunes chercheurs de la région pour partager des connaissances et discuter des défis liés au foncier, aux infrastructures et à la mobilité dans les projets de nouvelles villes établis dans la région. Certaines des recherches menées seront également présentées lors de petits ateliers multi-acteurs, où les praticiens du consortium pourront directement partager leurs préoccupations quant à la pertinence et à la réutilisation des résultats de la recherche dans leur travail quotidien. Si des fonds sont disponibles, des événements de restitution régionaux et locaux permettront à la population cible de projets urbains spécifiques, ainsi qu'aux représentants de la société civile et des mouvements de base, de partager leurs commentaires et d'évaluer la signification des résultats de la recherche. Collaborations scientifiques entre différentes institutions d'apprentissage : dans la mesure où les sujets le permettent, nos chercheurs seront encouragés à coécrire leurs articles avec des collègues d’autres instituts de recherche, afin de favoriser les synergies entre les institutions d’apprentissage et d’élargir le réseau. L'Ifri collabore étroitement avec les Instituts français de recherche à l'étranger (UMIFRE), qui sont des plateformes renforçant la collaboration scientifique entre les chercheurs français et les laboratoires de recherche du monde entier. Les bureaux à Nairobi, au Kenya, et à Ibadan, au Nigeria, sont des partenaires proches qui nous aident à identifier de jeunes chercheurs et experts ainsi que des initiatives de recherche traitant de sujets liés à la gouvernance urbaine. Membres actifs du consortium représentés dans nos pays cibles d’étude : en plus des chercheurs qui mènent des travaux de terrain, le consortium de recherche est composé d'organisations internationales, d'agences de développement, de fondations et d'entreprises ayant des bureaux dans nos différents pays cibles d'étude. Ils sont concrètement impliqués dans différents aspects de la gouvernance urbaine, tels que la formulation de politiques, l’urbanisme, le financement, la conception et la mise en œuvre d’infrastructures, mais aussi le soutien aux organisations de la société civile. La présence active de nos partenaires sur le terrain, y compris des chercheurs, ONU-Habitat, la Fondation Friedrich-Ebert, l'Agence française de développement, mais aussi Bureau Veritas, Egis, Meridiam, Orange et la Société, est cruciale lors de la diffusion de nos résultats de recherche, lors de leurs propres événements et activités, mais aussi lors de la coorganisation de séminaires de restitution sur place. Ils serviront également de nœuds pour les réseaux locaux que nous entendons construire et étendre pendant le programme. Conçu comme un consortium de recherche multi-acteurs, notre programme est une initiative novatrice qui vise à exploiter l'expertise des différentes parties prenantes impliquées dans la gouvernance urbaine pour coproduire une recherche pertinente et socialement utile. Après un an de revue de la littérature, de réseautage et de plusieurs séries de réunions de consultation, le programme de recherche « Gouverner la transition urbaine en Afrique » a été lancé en mai 2022 à l’Ifri à Paris. Les membres du consortium se sont réunis pour préparer et valider la feuille de route de la première année du programme et ont décidé à la fois du programme de recherche et des événements à organiser. Le foncier, les infrastructures et la mobilité seront traités comme des domaines clés interconnectés de la gouvernance urbaine. L’évaluation de ces secteurs est particulièrement pertinente dans les villes de taille moyenne, qui reflètent certains des taux de croissance urbaine les plus élevés du continent. L'agenda de la première année met également l'accent sur la politique de la gouvernance urbaine, y compris la concurrence géopolitique croissante autour des projets d'infrastructures urbaines par des pays partenaires dits « traditionnels » et « émergents ». La fondation du consortium de recherche a été lancée, mais il ne peut vivre et se développer que si d'autres experts, chercheurs et partenaires rejoignent l’aventure et alimentent nos réflexions et débats sur la gouvernance urbaine tout au long de sa mise en œuvre. Previous Next